Russian language offer. What is an offer? Complete and incomplete

Offer- this is the basic syntactic unit containing a message about something, a question or an incentive. Unlike phrases a sentence has a grammatical basis consisting of the main members of the sentence (subject and predicate) or one of them .

Offer performs communicative function And characterized by intonation And semantic completeness . In a sentence, in addition to subordinate connections (coordination, control, adjacency), there can be a coordinating connection (between homogeneous members) and a predicative connection (between the subject and the predicate).

By the number of grammatical bases offersdivided into simple and complex . A simple sentence has one grammatical basis, a complex sentence consists of two or more simple sentences (predicative parts).

Simple sentence is a word or combination of words characterized by semantic and intonation completeness and the presence of one grammatical basis.
The classification of simple sentences in modern Russian can be carried out on various grounds.

Depending on the purpose of the statement offers are divided into narrative , interrogative And incentive .

Declarative sentences contain a message about any affirmed or denied fact, phenomenon, event, etc. or a description of them.

For example: And it’s boring, and sad, and there’s no one to give a hand in a moment of spiritual adversity.(Lermontov). I'll be there at five o'clock.

Interrogative sentences contain a question. Among them are:

A) actually interrogative : What did you write here? What it is?(Ilf and Petrov);
b) rhetorical questions (i.e. not requiring a response): Why are you, my old lady, silent at the window?? (Pushkin).

Incentive offers express various shades of expression of will (inducement to action): order, request, call, prayer, advice, warning, protest, threat, consent, permission, etc.

For example :Well, go to sleep! This is adult talk, none of your business(Tendryakov); Quicker! Well!(Paustovsky); Russia! Rise and rise up! Thunder, the general voice of delight!..(Pushkin).

Narrative, interrogative And incentive offers differ both in form (they use different inflections of the verb, there are special words - interrogative pronouns, motivating particles), and in intonation.

Compare:
He will come.
He will come? Will he come? When will he arrive?
Let him come.

Simple in emotional tone proposals are divided on exclamation marks And non-exclamatory .

exclamation point called offer emotionally charged, pronounced with a special intonation.

For example: No, look what a moon it is!.. Oh, how lovely!(L. Tolstoy).
All functional types of sentences (narrative, interrogative, imperative) can be exclamatory.

By the nature of the grammatical basis, articulations proposals are divided on two-part when the grammatical basis includes both subject and predicate,

For example: A lonely sail is white in the blue fog of the sea!(Lermontov), and one-piece when the grammatical basis of sentences is formed by one main member,

For example: I'm sitting behind bars in a damp dungeon(Pushkin).

According to the presence or absence of minor members, simple offers can be common And uncommon .

Common is a sentence that, along with the main ones, has secondary members of the sentence. For example: How sweet is my sadness in the spring!(Bunin).

Uncommon a sentence consisting only of main members is considered. For example: Life is empty, crazy and bottomless!(Block).

Depending on the completeness of the grammatical structure offers can be full And incomplete . IN complete sentences All members of the sentence necessary for this structure are presented verbally: Work awakens creative powers in a person(L. Tolstoy), and in incomplete certain members of the sentence (main or secondary) necessary to understand the meaning of the sentence are missing. The missing members of the sentence are restored from the context or from the situation. For example: Prepare a sleigh in summer and a cart in winter(proverb); Tea? - I'll have half a cup.

Simple sentence may have syntactic elements that complicate its structure. Such elements include isolated members of a sentence, homogeneous members, introductory and plug-in constructions, and appeals. By the presence/absence of complicating syntactic elements simple sentences are divided into complicated And uncomplicated .

There are different types of syntactic units in . They can be divided into groups according to different criteria: according to the purpose of the statement, according to the features of the grammatical basis, according to intonation, according to structure. The Russian language has a whole section that studies this construction as a unit of text. This section is called "". Let's consider what types of sentences exist in the Russian language.

In contact with

Division into groups

Let's look at what sentences there are based on the purpose of the statement:

Declarative sentences are sentences that end with a period. Declarative sentences tell about an event. Examples can be given from any text describing certain events.

There should be an exclamation mark at the end of the exclamation point. It is used to express anger, surprise and other strong feelings.

An interrogative always ends with a question mark. It is used in cases where a person wants to ask about something, make inquiries, or clarify information.

Attention! In Russian, unlike some other European languages (for example, from), you can turn a narrative statement into an interrogative one (and vice versa) without changing the word order. For example: “Masha is a student” and “Masha is a student?” In the first case, this is a statement of fact, in the second case, it is an expression of uncertainty, a desire to clarify the accuracy of the information.

Division into groups according to emotional coloring

According to the emotional coloring of sentences there are exclamation and non-exclamation.

Exclamation:

Aren `t you ashamed!
Shame on the losers and lazy people!
Look how quiet it is around! Grace!

Exclamatory sentences, as can be seen from the examples, express different meanings, from contempt to admiration.

Non-exclamation:

My mother is a teacher.
There are many interesting places in my hometown.
When I grow up, I will be a mechanic.

In order to understand what non-exclamatory statements are, any examples of them can be read aloud. The intonation will be even and calm. If there is an exclamation mark at the end of a written statement, the intonation, on the contrary, will be uneven and rising.

Sentences vary in intonation. This applies not only to Russian, but also to all other languages of the world. In Russian, according to the intonation of sentences, there are emotionally charged or emotionally neutral.

Sentences in written speech that have a pronounced emotional connotation have an exclamation point at the end. Statements in oral speech characterized by emotions are pronounced with a raised voice at the end of the phrase.

Attention! If there is an exclamation mark at the end of a phrase, this phrase must be read out loud very expressively. This is especially true for reading poetry. If you pronounce such phrases in an even, calm voice, the meaning of the statement and its expressiveness are often lost.

Classification according to the features of the grammatical basis

Based on the presence or absence of components of the grammatical basis, sentences are divided into one-piece and two-piece. A one-component sentence has only a predicate or subject. A two-part sentence has both a subject and a predicate. Characteristics of constructions based on the characteristics of the grammatical basis occupies an important place in the school course of the modern Russian language.

Based on the complete or partial presence of a grammatical basis, complete thoughts in written form can be one-part or two-part. Here are examples of a typical incomplete one-part sentence:

It's getting light.
It's getting colder.
I came, I saw, I conquered.

Here are examples of two-part complete ones:

The embroiderer has finished her needlework.
Santa Claus came to the school Christmas tree.
Grandmother milked the cow and went to rest.

Classification of sentences

Classification by the number of grammatical stems

What groups are these syntactic units divided into based on the number of grammatical stems? For two – simple and complex. You can determine what type a statement belongs to by the presence of one or more stems. When it comes to simple and complex sentences, you can learn an important rule of punctuation using simple examples. It is given below.

Simple sentences

Attention! All grammatical bases included in the composition are separated by a comma. There may be an alliance between them, but it may not be. For example: “The sun set, and the animals in the barn fell asleep” or “It was drizzling, a boy in galoshes splashed through the puddles.”

A simple sentence is a written statement that has only one grammatical stem. Here are typical examples:

I went to distant lands.
My uncle works as a tractor driver on a collective farm.
The cat can jump and scream loudly.

The main signs of complexity: presence of several grammatical bases, the use of conjunctions (although there may not be any), dividing statements into logical parts using commas. Examples:

My brother taught lessons and I played the piano.
Mom sang a song and the children sang along with her.
Morning came, the grandmother took her grandson to kindergarten.

Types of complex sentences

A complex sentence can consist of several parts connected to each other by a coordinating or subordinating connection. What groups can complex structures be divided into? On complex and compound. Here are typical examples:

I live in a house that is located under the mountain (subordinate connection).
I will go where no one knows me (subordinate connection).
The snowflakes are spinning and the new year is coming (coordinating conjunction).
I was sitting at home, my mother was sleeping (coordinating non-union connection).

Sentence, its grammatical basis

Different types of complex sentences

Conclusion

Characteristics of a sentence are one of the most difficult issues in the modern Russian language. This problem is actively studied by modern linguists, and is also considered in the Russian language course for students in grades 5–9 of secondary schools. According to various criteria, in modern Russian they are divided into different groups. A detailed description of this syntactic unit helps to better understand the essence of the statement, as well as to understand the rules of punctuation.

Are you familiar with the scientific name that begins with the word complex...

Words that are formed by combining two roots are called complex.

For example, rhinoceros(two roots nose- and horn-, the letter o is a connecting vowel), vacuum cleaner(roots dust- and sos-, letter e is a connecting vowel).

Sentences can also be complex. They, like words, combine several parts.

Lesson topic: “Simple and complex sentences. Unions."

Read the sentences and think about how they differ from each other?

1) The bell rang.

2) The guys entered the class.

3) The first lesson has begun.

4) The bell rang, the guys entered the classroom, and the first lesson began.

Let's find the grammatical basics.

A sentence that has one grammatical basis is a simple sentence.

1, 2 and 3 sentences simple, since in each of them one basis at a time.

4 sentence complex, consists of three simple sentences. Each part of a complex sentence has its own main members, its own basis.

A sentence in which there are two or more grammatical stems is a complex sentence. Complex sentences are made up of several simple sentences. There are as many simple sentences as there are parts in a complex sentence.

The parts of a complex sentence are not just simple parts joined together.

Having united, these parts continue, complement each other, transform different thoughts into one, more complete one. In oral speech, at the boundary of parts of a complex sentence, there is no intonation at the end of each thought.

Remember: In written speech, commas are most often placed between parts of a complex sentence.

Let's determine whether the sentence is complex or simple. First, let's find the main members (stems) of the sentences and count how many stems are in each.

1) Bird voices can already be heard at the forest edge.

2) The tits sing, the woodpecker taps loudly with its beak.

3) Soon the sun will warm the earth better, the roads will turn black, thawed patches will be revealed in the fields, streams will gurgle, and rooks will come.(According to G. Skrebitsky)

1) Bird voices can already be heard at the forest edge.

2) The tits sing, the woodpecker taps loudly with its beak.

Who? tits, what are they doing? chanting is the first basis.

Who? woodpecker, what is he doing? taps - the second base.

This is a complex sentence, consisting of two parts.

3) Soon the sun will warm the earth better, the roads will turn black, the fields will be exposedthawed patches , streams will gurgle, rooks will come.

What? what will the sun do? will warm up - the first base.

The roads will turn black - the second basis.

thawed patches will be exposed - the third basis.

Streams will gurgle - the fourth basis.

Rooks will come - the fifth basis.

This is a complex sentence consisting of five parts

Read complex sentences. Observe how the parts of a complex sentence are connected?

1) Winter approaching , the cold sky often frowns.

Parts of 1 complex sentence are connected using intonation. There is a comma between parts of the sentence.

2) The sun was warm during the day , A At night frosts reached five degrees.

3) Wind quieted down , And the weather has improved.

4) Sun it was just rising , But its rays were already illuminating the treetops.

Parts 2, 3, 4 of sentences are connected using intonation and conjunctions a, and, but. The conjunction is preceded by a comma.

Each of the unions does its job. A conjunction connects words, and conjunctions also help to contrast something.

When writing, parts of a complex sentence are separated by a comma. If parts of a complex sentence are connected by conjunctions (and, a, but), a comma is placed before the conjunction.

The offerings of our language are very diverse. Sometimes one subject can have several predicates, or one predicate can have several subjects. Such members of a sentence are called homogeneous. Homogeneous members answer the same question and refer to the same member of the sentence. In the diagram, we will circle each homogeneous term.

What conclusion can be drawn from comparing these schemes?

The first line contains diagrams of complex sentences, and the second line contains diagrams of simple sentences with homogeneous predicates (they are shown in a circle).

In simple sentences with homogeneous members and in complex sentences between their parts, the same conjunctions are used: and, a, but.

Remember!

1. Before unions ah, but there is always a comma.

2. Union And requires special attention: connects homogeneous members - a comma is most often not used; used between parts of a complex sentence - a comma is usually needed.

Let's practice. Let's fill in the missing commas.

1) At night the dog crept up to the dacha and lay down under the terrace.

2) The people were sleeping and the dog jealously guarded them. (According to L. Andreev)

3) The pelican wandered around us, hissing and screaming, but it wouldn’t let us into our hands. (According to K. Paustovsky)

4) Spring is shining in the sky, but the forest is still covered with snow like winter. (M. Prishvin)

1) At night the dog crept up to the dacha and lay down under the terrace.

The sentence is simple, since there is one base, one subject and two predicates - the dog crept up and lay down. Union And connects homogeneous predicates, so a comma is not used.

2) People slept, and the dog jealously guarded them.

The sentence is complex, since there are two bases - people were sleeping, the dog was guarding. Union And connects parts of a complex sentence, so a comma is needed before the conjunction.

3) Pelican wandered around us, hissed, screamed, but did not give in to our hands.

The sentence is simple, since there is one base, one subject and 4 predicates - the pelican wandered, hissed, screamed, and did not give in. Before the union But there is always a comma. We place commas between homogeneous predicates.

4) Spring shines in the sky, but the forest is still covered with snow in winter.

The sentence is complex, since there are two bases - spring is shining, the forest is filled up. Before the union But there is always a comma.

Consider the schemes and decide which schemes hide complex sentences, and which ones hide simple ones with homogeneous members; Which ones need punctuation?

The first three schemes reflect the structure of a simple sentence with homogeneous main members. They are circled. In scheme 1, a comma is not needed, since homogeneous subjects are connected by a conjunction And. Schemes 2 and 3 must contain commas. 4 diagram corresponds to a complex sentence. It must also contain a comma between parts of a complex sentence.

Sentences containing words that, in order, therefore, because, - most often complex. These words usually begin a new part of a complex sentence. In such cases, they are always preceded by a comma.

Let's give examples.

We saw What The she-wolf climbed into the hole with the cubs.

What a comma is added.

All night winter knitted lace patterns, to the trees have dressed up. (K. Paustovsky)

This is a complex sentence before the word to a comma is added.

Birds know how to communicate everything with their voice , That's why They sing.

This is a complex sentence before the word That's why a comma is added.

I lovefairy tales, because in them, good always triumphs over evil.

This is a complex sentence before the word because a comma is added.

1. One afternoon, Winnie the Pooh was walking through the forest and muttering a new song to himself.

2. Winnie - Pooh got up early, in the morning he diligently did gymnastics.

3. Vinny quietly reached the sandy slope.

(B. Zakhoder)

Sentence 1 corresponds to scheme 3, since it is a simple sentence with one subject (Winnie the Pooh) and two predicates (walked and grumbled).

Sentence 2 corresponds to Scheme 1, since this complex sentence has two bases (Winnie the Pooh got up, he was studying). A comma separates parts of a sentence.

Sentence 3 corresponds to scheme 2, since it is a simple sentence with one base (Vinny got there).

In the lesson you learned that a sentence in which there are two or more grammatical stems is complex offer. Parts of complex sentences are connected using intonation and conjunctions a, and, but. When writing, parts of a complex sentence are separated by a comma.

M.S. Soloveychik, N.S. Kuzmenko “To the secrets of our language” Russian language: Textbook. 3rd grade: in 2 parts. Smolensk: Association XXI century, 2010.
M.S. Soloveychik, N.S. Kuzmenko “To the secrets of our language” Russian language: Workbook. 3rd grade: in 3 parts. Smolensk: Association XXI century, 2010.
T. V. Koreshkova Test tasks in the Russian language. 3rd grade: in 2 parts. - Smolensk: Association XXI century, 2011.
T.V. Koreshkova Practice! Notebook for independent work in the Russian language for 3rd grade: in 2 parts. - Smolensk: Association XXI century, 2011.
L.V. Mashevskaya, L.V. Danbitskaya Creative tasks in the Russian language. - St. Petersburg: KARO, 2003
G.T. Dyachkova Olympiad tasks in Russian. 3-4 grades. - Volgograd: Teacher, 2008

School-collection.edu.ru ().
Festival of pedagogical ideas "Open Lesson" ().
Zankov.ru ().

Find the main members in the sentences. Which sentence of the text is complex - 1st or 2nd? What is the name of the remaining sentence?

A bird sat on the top of an alder tree and opened its beak. The feathers on the swollen throat fluttered, but I did not hear the song.

(According to V. Bianchi)

Fill in the two missing commas in the sentences.

Winter was hiding in the dense forest. She looked out of her hiding place and saw millions of little suns hiding in the grass. Winter is angry! She waved her sleeve and dusted the cheerful lights with snow. Dandelions now flaunt in a yellow dress and then in a white fur coat. (According to I. Sokolov-Mikitov)

Find a sentence with a conjunction And. What does it connect - homogeneous members or parts of a complex sentence? Underline the words needed to answer.

Write down the conjunctions and, a, but. Underline the basics, mark homogeneous terms and put commas where necessary.

The ball climbed into the water, Uncle Fyodor soaped it, combed its fur. The cat walked along the shore and was sad about different oceans. (According to E. Uspensky)

The cat stole fish, meat, sour cream, bread. One day he opened a tin can of worms. He didn’t eat them - the chickens came running to the can of worms - they pecked at our stock. (According to K. Paustovsky)

A simple sentence is one that consists of one or more grammatically combined words that express a complete thought. This is the basic grammatical unit of syntax. A simple sentence must have only one grammatical basis (predicative center).

Father washes the car.
Children play on the lawn.
Twilight.
Grandma is resting.

A simple sentence is the main structural type of sentences in the Russian language, which serves to construct complex sentences.

Spring has come + The snow has melted = Spring has come, the snow has melted.

Grammatical structure

There are main and minor members of a simple sentence. The main ones are the subject (answers the questions “who? what?”) and the predicate (answers the questions “what is he doing? what did he do? what will he do?”) - name the object that is the subject of the action (subject) and the action itself performed by the subject (predicate). Subject and predicate are interconnected and constitute a predicative center.

The secondary ones - addition, definition, circumstance - explain the predicate and/or subject or other minor members and depend on them syntactically.

An old tram was moving slowly along hot rails.

In this sentence the subject is “tram” and the predicate is “rode”. The definition of “old” depends on the subject “tram”. The predicate “drove,” which is connected with the subject “tram,” governs the object “on the rails” and has the dependent adverbial “slowly.” The complement, in turn, also has a secondary dependent member of the sentence - the definition of “hot”. The entire sentence is divided into a subject group ("an old tram") and a predicate group ("drove slowly on hot rails"). The information below will help you do sentence parsing simple and fast.

What are the types of simple sentences?

The following types of simple sentences exist:

non-exclamatory and exclamatory (relative to intonation);
narrative, interrogative, incentive (relative to the purpose of the statement);
two-part and one-part (relative to the composition of the grammatical basis);
complete and incomplete (regarding the presence/absence of the necessary members of the sentence);
common and non-widespread (relative to the presence/absence of minor members of the sentence);
complicated and uncomplicated.

Exclamation and non-exclamation

As for this type, the defining moment is the presence/absence of an exclamation mark.

Spring came. Spring came!

Narrative, interrogative, incentive

The second type indicates the purpose for which this maxim is pronounced: to tell about something (the Danube flows into the Black Sea), to ask about something (When will you finally get married?) or to encourage something (Buy a loaf of bread at dinner).

One-piece and two-piece

What simple sentences can be called one-part sentences? Those whose predicative (grammatical) basis consists only of a subject or only of a predicate.

Thaw.
Beautiful girl.
It's getting light.

If of the main members in a sentence there is only a subject, then such grammatical units are called denominative, or nominative.

The beauty is incredible!
Evening Kyiv with many lights.

If there is only a predicate, then there are several types of such one-part sentences:

definitely personal (the action is performed by a certain object or person and is expressed by a verb in the form of the 1st and 2nd person singular or plural present or future tense);
indefinite personal (the predicate is expressed by a verb in the 3rd person plural);
generalized-personal (the verb is expressed in the form of the 2nd person singular of the present or future tense and the 3rd person plural, but attention is concentrated on the action itself);
impersonal (the character is not grammatically expressed).

A sentence whose predicative center consists of two members is called two-part.

It's raining.

Complete and incomplete

A simple sentence can be complete or incomplete.

A sentence is considered complete if it contains all the main and minor members necessary for the construction and completeness of the expression of the meaning.

I look at the moon.
The train passes the bridge.

In incomplete, the main or minor member of the sentence is missing, but it is clear from the context or situation of speech.

She greeted the teacher. He is with her.

The word “hello” is missing here, but it is clear to the listener based on the context.

Common and non-common

A simple sentence can be widespread (there are minor members that serve to explain the main ones) and non-common (consists only of a predicative center, there are no minor members). Examples of common sentences:

The July sun is shining brightly.
Finally the weather cleared up.
Beautiful slender girl.

Examples of uncommon sentences:

The sun is shining.
The weather has cleared up.
Young woman.

Simple sentences can be complicated:

the homogeneity of different parts of the sentence (He loved tremulous sunrises, colorful sunsets, and moonlit nights);
separate definitions, which come after the word that is being explained (The road leading to the waterfall began to twist rapidly);
applications (Near the forest there was a hut - the forester’s dwelling);
separate additions (I really liked the film, with the exception of some scenes);
isolated circumstances(Having prepared dinner, the mother sat in the kitchen for a long time);
appeals and introductory constructions(Oh youth, how quickly you pass! Spring, it seems, will be late);
with clarifying sentences (The accident happened at four in the morning, that is, at dawn).

But a simple complicated sentence is easy to confuse with a complex one. Therefore, you need to be careful and focus on the number of predicative centers.

Parsing a sentence is easy. You can write a hint diagram for yourself.