Peloponnesian War. The cities of Hellas are subject to Macedonia History lesson notes Peloponnesian War

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Peloponnesian War Stages of the war: 459-446. Little Peloponnesian War. 431-421 - "Archidam's War." 421 – Peace of Nikiev. 421-404 – End of the Peloponnesian War.

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Opponents Peloponnesian League: Delian League: Archidamus II Pericles Agis Themistocles Brasidas Cleon Lysander Alcibiades

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Battles Battle of Naupactus 429 Battle of Olpi 426 Battle of Amphiopolis 422 Battle of Mantinea 416 Battle of Aegospotomi 405

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Peloponnesian War Causes and prerequisites for the war. Thucydides: out of fear of the growing power of the Athenians, who even then... subjugated most of Hellas.

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Peloponnesian War. Reasons: 1. Strengthening of Athens. It was Athens that was able to bring decisive efforts to end the Greco-Persian wars in favor of Greece. They led the Delian Maritime League. 2. In the period from 480 (after the victory at Salamis) to 431, Pentecontaetia (“fiftieth anniversary”, the name given by Thucydides) takes place. The power of Athens grew significantly; many of their formerly independent allies turned into dependent states obliged to pay tribute. These funds allowed Athens to maintain a strong navy, and since the middle of the century they have also been used for Athens' own needs - financing large-scale construction of public buildings and beautifying the city. After the Persian retreat from Greece, Sparta tried to prevent the restoration of the walls of Athens (without walls, Athens had little protection from attack from land and could easily fall under Spartan control), but was rebuffed. According to Thucydides, although the Spartans took no action at this time, they were "secretly... very vexed that they had failed to achieve their goal."

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Peloponnesian War. Reasons: 3. Having completely mastered trade routes and markets in the northeastern direction (in Macedonia and Thrace, as well as along the shores of the Black Sea), the Athenians turned their attention to the Western Mediterranean. This circumstance especially affected the interests of Corinth, which was traditionally closely associated with its colonies in southern Italy and Sicily and was part of the Peloponnesian League led by Sparta. 4. Revolt of the Spartan helots (slaves) in 465. Athens sent troops, but after their arrival the Spartans declared that “their help was no longer needed” and sent the Athenians home (other allies remained). According to Thucydides, the Spartans refused help out of fear that the Athenians might defect to the rebels. The rebel helots eventually surrendered, but on the condition that they would be expelled rather than executed; Athens settled them in the strategically important city of Nafpaktos, located at the narrowest point of the Gulf of Corinth. The result of this incident was the withdrawal of the offended Athenians from the alliance with Sparta, and the conclusion of an alliance with Argos and Thessaly.

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Peloponnesian War. Reasons: 5. In 459 BC. e. Athens took advantage of the war between their neighbors Megara and Corinth, which were part of the Peloponnesian League, and concluded an alliance treaty with Megara. As a result, the Athenians gained a foothold on the Isthmus of Corinth and the Gulf of Corinth. All this led to the entry of Sparta into the war, and the so-called Lesser Peloponnesian War began. During its course, Athens was forced to leave possessions on the Greek mainland outside Attica (including Megara and Boeotia) under Spartan control, but the important island of Aegina remained within the Athenian League. Prisoner in the winter of 446/445 BC. e. The thirty-year peace recognized both states' right to control their own allies. 6. The reason for the outbreak of hostilities was the intervention of Athens in the conflict between Corinth and its colony of Kerkyra (on the eastern coast of the Adriatic), which sent its ships and troops there in September 433. This was followed (432) by the blockade of the city of Potidaea on the Chalkidiki peninsula, which did not want to submit to the Athenians. (northern coast of the Aegean Sea). Finally, the Athenian government imposed extremely harsh economic sanctions against Megara, another member of the Peloponnesian League. A serious source of tension was the Athenian decree (adopted in 433/432), which introduced strict trade sanctions against Megara (which became an ally of Sparta after the Lesser Peloponnesian War). These sanctions, now known as Megarian psephism, are practically unnoticed by Thucydides, but modern historians believe that Megara’s ban on trading with the prosperous Athenian power dealt a terrible blow to its economy and was one of the reasons for the war. The problem was that now the Athenians, taking advantage of the Megarian precedent, would be able to close their ports to ships of other states under any pretext.

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Ultimatum In the autumn of 432 BC. e. Representatives of the Peloponnesian League (“syllogos”) were gathered in Sparta. This meeting became a real diplomatic conference, at which the interests of the Greek states sharply collided. The debate was heated. Corinth, Megara, and some other states tried to convince the Spartan popular assembly of the need to start a war. The ambassadors of Corinth accused Sparta of indecision and inaction and demanded an immediate declaration of war on Athens. The Athenian ambassadors argued that they acquired hegemony by legal means and showed more moderation and fairness in using their advantage than anyone else would have shown. The Athenian ambassadors also pointed out to the allied assembly the power of the Athenian state and suggested not to violate the peace treaty. After this speech, all allied ambassadors left the meeting. Left alone, the Spartans weighed all the arguments for and against war. King Archidamus spoke in favor of a cautious policy due to the uncertainty of the outcome of the war with a first-class military power without a powerful fleet, and proposed to act diplomatically, while simultaneously increasing the economic and military power of the alliance. Ephor Sphenalaides proposed to immediately declare war on Athens, to achieve success by surprise, thereby fulfilling his allied duty. At the end of the speech, Sfenalaid put the question to a vote of the authorized allied states. Convened in connection with all these events in Sparta, a meeting of delegates from all its allies decided to present an ultimatum to Athens. Its conditions were as follows: it is necessary to cancel the anti-Megarian sanctions, all the policies included in the arche in the position of subordinates must gain real autonomy, representatives of the Alcmaeonid clan, defiled by a long-standing religious crime (including the actual leader of the Athenian state, Pericles), must be expelled from the borders of Attica; otherwise war becomes inevitable. This ultimatum was, of course, rejected, and both sides began to prepare for the coming battles.

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War strategy: Peloponnesian League: win through ground forces. Annual invasions of Attica. Plundering of the countryside. Athenian League: win due to a threefold superiority of the fleet. Invite war on land. Evacuation of residents within the Long Walls during the invasion of Sparta.

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Progress of the war Significant changes also occurred in the internal political life of Athens. The death of Pericles (429) led to the radicalization of their politics. The influence of Cleon, who advocated a more aggressive conduct of the war and a rejection of the predominantly defensive policy of Pericles, grew significantly. Cleon relied mainly on the radical democratic elements of Athenian society, primarily the urban trade and craft circles. A more moderate party, based on landowners and Attic peasants and advocating peace, was led by the wealthy landowner Nicias. Due to the fact that the situation in Athens finally began to improve, Cleon’s group gradually began to gain more and more weight in the People’s Assembly. Despite serious problems, Athens nevertheless withstood the heavy blows of the first period of the war. In 429 BC. e. The rebel Potidaea was finally taken. The uprising on the island of Lesbos (427 BC) was also unsuccessful; The Athenians took the main city of the island - Mytilene.

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Course of the war From 426 BC. e. Athens took the initiative in the war. This was facilitated by an increase in 427 BC. e. foros (tribute collected from allies) approximately doubled. In addition, in 427 BC. e. a small Athenian squadron was sent to Sicily, where, with the help of allied cities (primarily Regia), it successfully fought against the Spartan allies there. Under the leadership of the energetic strategist Demosthenes (not to be confused with the Athenian orator Demosthenes, who lived later), Athens managed to achieve certain successes in Greece itself: the war was transferred to the territory of Boeotia and Aetolia - at Sola, a large detachment of Peloponnesians of 3 thousand hoplites was defeated; Nicias captured Cythera, an island south of Laconia; A chain of strongholds was created around the Peloponnese. In 424 BC Athenian troops planned to invade Boeotia from both sides, hoping for the performance of their democratic supporters within the country. However, the Boeotian authorities warned the democrats to act. But Demosthenes was stopped, having suffered defeat at Olpi. And the second army of the Athenians of Hippocrates was defeated at Delium. A major success of the Athenians at this stage of the war was the capture of the town of Pylos in western Messenia, which had a convenient harbor. This actually struck at the very heart of the Spartan state (Pylos is located 70 kilometers from Sparta) and created an overt threat to the dominance of the Spartans over the helots. In response, Sparta took decisive action. The troops besieging Athens were recalled from Attica, a fleet was assembled, and a selected Spartan detachment was landed on the island of Sphacteria, which blocked the entrance to the harbor of Pylos. However, Demosthenes recaptured the island.

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Before the truce. Progress of the war The blow dealt to Sparta was so strong that the Spartans offered peace. However, Athens, expecting a quick final victory, did not agree. It also played a role that the head of the party supporting the continuation of the war, Cleon, after the fall of Sphacteria, became the most influential Athenian politician. However, it soon became clear that Athens underestimated the strength of the Peloponnesian League. Although the Spartans stopped devastating Attica, the Athenians were plagued by setbacks: an attempt to land at Corinth failed, and in Sicily the unification of local policies forced the Athenians to sail home. The Athenian army suffered a major defeat in the battle of Delium, trying to withdraw Boeotia from the war. The biggest failure awaited the Athenians in Thrace. Having entered into an alliance with Macedonia, the talented Spartan commander Brasidas took the city of Amphipolis, the center of Athenian possessions in this region; Athens lost its strategically important silver mines (it was for this defeat that the historian Thucydides, son of Olor, was expelled from Athens). To recapture Thrace, Athens sent an army, headed by Cleon. However, at the Battle of Amphipolis, the Spartans defeated the Athenians; both Cleon and Brasidas died in this battle.

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Progress of the War With the deaths of Cleon and Brasidas, the two main supporters of the war, the war was brought to an end. However, despite the peace conditions, the parties did not return the captured territories to each other, although they handed over prisoners. The Treaty of Nicias, concluded for fifty years, lasted only six. This time was filled with constant skirmishes, the arena of which became the Peloponnese. While Sparta refrained from active action, some of its allies came to the conclusion that it was necessary to withdraw from the Peloponnesian League. They began to group around Argos - a strong, democratically oriented polis not controlled by Sparta in the eastern Peloponnese. The resulting alliance included Argos, Mantinea and Elis, who broke the alliance with Sparta, in which, as a result of dissatisfaction with the Treaty of Nice, democratic elements also came to power (initially, Corinth also entered the alliance, but due to ongoing disputes with Athens, it went over to the side of Sparta). The allied coalition received some support from Athens and attempted to seize leadership in the Peloponnese. However, in 418 BC. e. the coalition troops (Argos, Mantinea, Arcadia, Athens) were completely defeated in the Battle of Mantinea; in the cities of the Peloponnese, supporters of the alliance with Sparta triumphed and an oligarchy was established. The Democratic Alliance disintegrated, and most of its members re-entered the Peloponnesian League. Alcibiades took part in this battle.

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The last offensive of Athens in the spring of 413 BC. e. The village of Dekeleya, located 18 km from Athens, was occupied and fortified, which now housed a permanent garrison. Thus, the Athenians were forced to completely transfer the city to sea supply. In addition, access to the Laurian silver mines was cut off, which also affected the position of Athens, and about twenty thousand Athenian slaves fled to the Spartans. Significant changes took place in Athens itself. Military failures led to the growing influence of supporters of the oligarchy, and in 411 BC. e. they carried out a coup d'état. The number of full-fledged citizens was limited to 5,000 people, and the Council of 400 received real power. Such an important element of Athenian democracy as payment for the performance of official duties was abolished. The new government offered peace to Sparta. However, the Spartans rejected the proposals. The Athenian fleet based on Samos did not recognize the oligarchic government either. In fact, a dual power developed in the Athenian state, which the Athenian allies were quick to take advantage of: the rich island of Euboea and the cities in the straits rebelled. The Athenian fleet had to suppress these protests, headed by Alcibiades, who had again transferred to the Athenians and received significant powers. In 411 BC. e. The Athenians won a victory at Abydos in 410 BC. e. - under Cyzicus, and in 408 BC. e. took the key city of Byzantium.

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The genius of Lysander But the Spartans were also not going to sit idly by. The energetic military leader Lysander, who possessed rare talents as a diplomat and naval commander, was sent to Ionia with the fleet. In addition, he had excellent personal relations with the Persians, who stopped financial assistance to Athens and sent him significant funds. The situation for the Spartans was made easier by the fact that after a slight defeat at Notius (406), the most capable Athenian military leader and elected by the Athenians in 408/407. - Alcibiades - was removed from command of the fleet and went into voluntary exile. In 406, the Athenian fleet, the creation of which took the last reserve of funds - the gold and silver utensils of the Parthenon - still won a significant victory at the Arginus Islands, destroying more than 70 enemy triremes and losing 25 of their own. However, the storm made it impossible to rescue the sailors from the sunken Athenian ships, and upon returning home the victorious strategists faced trial.

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History lesson of the Ancient World in grade 5 "B"
Topic: Peloponnesian War
Target:
Subject results:
-mastery of basic historical knowledge, formation of ideas about the causes and beginning of the Peloponnesian War.
- development of skills to search, analyze, compare information.
Personal results:
- formation of a responsible attitude towards learning, students’ readiness and ability for self-development and self-education based on motivation for learning and cognition, conscious choice and construction of an individual educational trajectory of education.
-formation of a conscious, respectful and friendly attitude towards another person, his opinion, worldview, culture.
-formation of communicative competence in communication and cooperation with peers.
Meta-subject results:
- the ability to independently determine the goals of one’s learning, set and formulate new tasks for oneself in learning and cognitive activity. Develop motives and interests of your cognitive activity.
- the ability to independently plan ways to achieve a goal, including alternative ones, to consciously choose the most effective ways to solve educational and cognitive problems;
- the ability to correlate one’s actions with the planned results, to monitor one’s activities in the process of achieving results.
Key terms: Peloponnesian War, Peace of Nikia.
Equipment: textbook “History of the Ancient World” by F. Mikhailovsky, workbooks, pens, pencils.
Lesson type: educational activity lesson (group work).
Explanatory note:
Before the start of the lesson, it is necessary to distribute students into groups, distribute badges with signed roles, lay out on their desks (shifted for group work) the criteria for assessing subject and meta-subject results, and the rules for working in a group. Remind students that for the lesson we will need a textbook, pens, pencils, workbook and journal.
Lesson progress:
Lesson steps
Teacher activities
Student activities

1.Org. moment
-welcomes students
-notes student attendance
Today in class we will work with you throughout the lesson in a group. (Slide 1)
-greets from the teachers
- getting ready to work

2. goal setting
Please look at what topic we will study today, the textbook will help us with this. Who will help me?
We open our notebooks and write down the topic of the lesson “Peloponnesian War”. (slide 2)
Before you set the goal of our lesson, I suggest you familiarize yourself with the questions for today's lesson. (slide 3)
??? Which policies of Ancient Greece have we already met? (Sparta, Athens)
??? What unions led these two policies? (Peloponnesian League - headed by Sparta, Athenian Maritime League - headed by Athena).
??? In which polis did they adhere to a democratic system, in which an oligarchic one? (Athens is democratic, Sparta is oligarchic (power of the few).
??? How did the residents of these policies treat each other? (The Athenians despised and ridiculed the Spartans for their way of life, which was different from the Athenian one: communal dinners, inability to speak beautifully, neglect of science, physical exercise).
After reading the questions, think and formulate the goals of our lesson.
- find out who the opponents were in the Peloponnesian War;
- find out what kind of system, democratic or oligarchic, existed in these policies;
-find out why they fought, the reason;
-find out how the war ended.

When I was preparing for the lesson, I also formulated goals, please look and compare your goals and mine. Were we able to set our goals in accordance with the topic of the lesson? (slide 4)
-introduction to the topic of the lesson
- write down the date and topic of the lesson
-think about the answer to the questions posed

In accordance with the questions, the objectives of the lesson are formulated

Get to know the teacher’s goals and answer

3.planning
We know the topic, we have defined the goals. What stage are we moving to next?
The next stage is planning:
What are we going to do with you?
Sample plan (students dictate, teacher writes on the board)
1.Updating basic knowledge.
2. Let's listen to the teacher.
3. Read paragraph 32 of the textbook and find the answers in accordance with your goals.
4. Let's summarize our work.
- they answer, planning.

4.implementation of the plan
In order to remember previously studied material. I suggest you solve the test; you have 3 minutes to solve the test.







Before we evaluate your work, I remind you that the criteria for assessing subject and meta-subject results are on your desk. Refresh your memory. Today I planned to evaluate the work of group No. 3. I invite your group to the board. On the blank side of the board, write down your answers.
I suggest you compare your answers with the standard. Evaluate your work on the test, at what level did you perform? Convert your level to a mark (given to the whole group). Guys, do you agree with the group’s self-assessment?

And now I invite you to evaluate your work in the group. How did you cope with the role you had today?
At what level were you able to cope with your role?
Convert your level to a mark (set individually for each group member). Do you guys agree with the band's self-assessment?
We put the final grade in the journal by adding the marks and dividing its sum by two, for completing the test and fulfilling our role in the group.
Will we put this mark in the journal?
If you don’t agree, don’t want to put a mark in the journal, then get ready for the next lesson, I’ll ask you again.

Let's move on to the next point of our plan and we are still working in a group. Today I have prepared for you a fragment of a film about one of the generals of the Peloponnesian War. Your task, after watching a fragment of the film, is to analyze according to the plan (see Slide) the life and work of a historical figure.
I suggest you return to the goals of our lesson, what goal did we manage to achieve?

The next stage of our lesson is reading paragraph 32 of the textbook and searching for answers in accordance with the goals. Don't forget that we are working in a group, and as you work, you can record information in a textbook (carefully, with a simple pencil) or in a notebook. You have 7 minutes to work.
The group that manages it first raises its hands. If you need my help, raise your hand.
The time is up, I invite the group that managed to do it first to submit their answers in accordance with their goals. (listens to students' answers)

Let's move on to the next point of our plan, summing up. I invite you to the board (Anna Kolomoets). Listens to the answer.

The group solves the test

Group No. 3 goes to the board to defend their answer.

Compare the solved test with the standard, evaluate the subject results

Students in the class express agreement or disagreement with the assessment
- conduct a self-assessment of how they coped with the work in the group.

Listen to the teacher's story

Analyze work performance according to lesson objectives
- work with the text of the paragraph in accordance with the goals set for the lesson

Summarize the results of their work in the lesson, whether they managed to implement all the points of the plan in accordance with the goals set.

5.reflection
In order to determine your (internal state) today in class, I suggest you complete the sentences:
I liked that
I learned how to do (perform)
I did it
I didn't understand anything
New knowledge will be useful to me
- conduct reflection

6. homework
Repeat step 32, complete the tasks in a printed notebook.
- write down d/z

test:
1) What sources of slavery prevailed in Athens after Solon's reforms? Choose the correct answer from the suggested sources:
a) debt; b) by birth; c) war; d) sea piracy.
2) The least amount of slave labor was used in:
a) quarries; b) craft workshop; c) mines; d) agriculture.
3) What were the main sources of Athens' wealth? Choose the correct answer.
a) trade duty, international trade with other countries, trade with their colonies;
b) trade in products of developed agriculture and cattle breeding: grain, milk, cheese, meat.
test:
1) What sources of slavery prevailed in Athens after Solon's reforms? Choose the correct answer from the suggested sources:
a) debt; b) by birth; c) war; d) sea piracy.
2) The least amount of slave labor was used in:
a) quarries; b) craft workshop; c) mines; d) agriculture.
3) What were the main sources of Athens' wealth? Choose the correct answer.
a) trade duty, international trade with other countries, trade with their colonies;
b) trade in products of developed agriculture and cattle breeding: grain, milk, cheese, meat.
test:
1) What sources of slavery prevailed in Athens after Solon's reforms? Choose the correct answer from the suggested sources:
a) debt; b) by birth; c) war; d) sea piracy.
2) The least amount of slave labor was used in:
a) quarries; b) craft workshop; c) mines; d) agriculture.
3) What were the main sources of Athens' wealth? Choose the correct answer.
a) trade duty, international trade with other countries, trade with their colonies;
b) trade in products of developed agriculture and cattle breeding: grain, milk, cheese, meat.
test:
1) What sources of slavery prevailed in Athens after Solon's reforms? Choose the correct answer from the suggested sources:
a) debt; b) by birth; c) war; d) sea piracy.
2) The least amount of slave labor was used in:
a) quarries; b) craft workshop; c) mines; d) agriculture.
3) What were the main sources of Athens' wealth? Choose the correct answer.
a) trade duty, international trade with other countries, trade with their colonies;
b) trade in products of developed agriculture and cattle breeding: grain, milk, cheese, meat.
test:
1) What sources of slavery prevailed in Athens after Solon's reforms? Choose the correct answer from the suggested sources:
a) debt; b) by birth; c) war; d) sea piracy.
2) The least amount of slave labor was used in:
a) quarries; b) craft workshop; c) mines; d) agriculture.
3) What were the main sources of Athens' wealth? Choose the correct answer.
a) trade duty, international trade with other countries, trade with their colonies;
b) trade in products of developed agriculture and cattle breeding: grain, milk, cheese, meat.

According to him they said “Greece would not have endured a second Alcibiades”

When Alcibiades was a boy, he wrestled on the sand with a friend. The comrade won. Alcibiades bit his hand. “You bite like a woman,” said the comrade. Alcibiades replied: “No, like a lion.”
He grew up in the house of Pericles. One day he came to Pericles for some reason, he said: “Don’t bother me, I’m thinking about how I should report to the people.” Alcibiades replied: “Isn’t it better to think about how to answer to no one at all?”
He studied with Socrates, and Socrates told him: “If you owned Europe and the gods forbade you to go to Asia, you would give up everything and go to Asia.” Alcibiades devotedly loved Socrates, once in battle he saved his life; however, the words of those sophists who said: home, homeland, gods, all this is conditional, all “by agreement”, sank deeper into his soul; “by nature” there is only the right of the strong and the right of the cunning.
That’s how he grew up, handsome, smart, carefree, accustomed to giving himself free rein in everything and ready to do anything just to be first, in good or bad, it doesn’t matter. He had a handsome dog, he cut off this dog's tail; everyone was indignant, and he said: “It’s better to be indignant at this, and not at anything else.” One day, as a bet, he slapped the richest man in Athens, an old harmless fat man, in the face, and the next morning he came to him, threw off his cloak and handed him a whip. He became emotional, forgave him and even married his daughter to him.
This Alcibiades resumed the war that destroyed Athens.
He wanted to distinguish himself in the war. There was peace with Sparta. Then he proposed to the people's assembly to declare war on Syracuse, the Sicilian Syracuse from where Sparta and its allies received grain. The plan was great. In Athens, they equipped a fleet of one and a half hundred ships, a selected army was ready for landing, Alcibiades was appointed commander and with him two senior commanders, the cautious Nicias and the ardent Lamachus. Everywhere they talked only about the Sicilian campaign; the name of Alcibiades was on everyone's lips.
The louder the fame, the stronger the envy. Alcibiades' enemies decided to destroy him. In Athens, at crossroads there were stone pillars with the head of Hermes, the patron of roads. On the night a month before the campaign, these pillars were suddenly broken and mutilated by someone unknown. Rumors immediately spread that this was done by Alcibiades, a famous atheist. Alcibiades appeared before the people's assembly and demanded an open trial. They told him: “Time is precious; We’ll put it off until the end of the campaign.” And the fleet set off under the weight of an evil omen.
The Athenians had already entered Sicily, had already occupied the first cities, when suddenly an order came from Athens for Alcibiades to return and stand trial. He realized that everything there was already ready for his death. He decided to run away. They asked him: “You don’t believe in your homeland, Alcibiades?” He replied: “Where it’s about life and death, I won’t even believe my own mother.” He was informed that he had been sentenced to death in absentia. He cried out: “I will show them that I am alive!”
He came straight to yesterday’s enemy in Sparta and said: “Until now I have done you the most harm, now I will bring you the most benefit.” He advised doing three things: sending help to the Sicilians; send an army to Attica not in a raid, but in order to occupy a fortress there and constantly threaten Athens; send a fleet to Ionia and recapture their allies from the Athenians. He himself sailed with the fleet.
The Sicilian campaign of the Athenians without Alcibiades ended in disaster. For a whole year they besieged Syracuse in vain, and then were repulsed, surrounded and laid down their arms. The commanders were executed, seven thousand prisoners were sent to Syracuse hard labor in the quarries, and then those who survived were sold into slavery. Even experienced Sicilian slave owners were ashamed to own slaves from those Athens, which was known as “the school of all Greece.” Some were released for teaching the Sicilians new songs from the last tragedies of Euripides.
Alcibiades remembered: there is no faith anywhere for a traitor. He was wary and he was right. The Spartan fleet received orders to kill him. He found out about this and fled to the third owner in Persia. Those who knew him marveled at how he could change both his appearance and his way of life: in Athens he talked with Socrates, in Sparta he slept on sackcloth and ate black stew, in Sardis he was so pampered and luxurious that even the Persians were surprised. A Persian satrap ruled in Sardis, watching with a keen eye how his enemies the Athenians and Spartans exterminated each other. Both of them were exhausted by the war, and both of them without shame asked to help them with money from the bottomless Persian treasuries, and he responded with handouts and promises, and Alcibiades was his adviser.
Finally the hour came: internecine struggle broke out in Athens. One of the parties called on Alcibiades for help, he led the fleet and sailed along the Asia Minor coast, conquering for the Athenians those cities that he had recently conquered for the Spartans. Having won six victories, he came to Athens under red sails, with ships loaded with booty. The people rejoiced, the old people with tears in their eyes pointed it out to the children. He was given the unprecedented title of “commander-autocrat”; he became, as it were, a tyrant by the will of the people. His dreams came true, but he was not deluded: he knew that people's love is fickle.
And so it happened. Once in his youth, Alcibiades gave a speech to the people, and in his bosom he had a newly purchased blackbird; the blackbird flew away, one sailor from the crowd caught it and returned it to Alcibiades. Alcibiades was a broad-minded man: having become an autocratic commander, he found that sailor and took him with him to the fleet as his assistant. Having gone away one day to collect tribute, he ordered him only one thing: not to accept battle under any circumstances. He immediately took the fight and, of course, was defeated. Alcibiades, returning, immediately challenged the enemies to a new battle, but they evaded. Alcibiades knew in advance what would follow next. Without waiting to be declared an enemy of the people, he abandoned his army and fleet, took refuge in a fortified estate near the Hellespont and lived there among the Thracians, drinking, having fun riding horses and watching from afar the last battles of the war.
The penultimate battle was at Lesbos. In the short interval between two storms, two fleets met. The Athenians threw everything into battle: noble horsemen, accustomed to abhor sea labor, and slaves, who were promised freedom for this battle, sat nearby on the oars. The Athenians won, but a storm scattered the ships of the victors, and many people died. This was considered the wrath of the gods. The victorious military leaders were brought to trial instead of rewards. All were executed; Only Socrates voted against execution.
The last battle was on the Hellespont, at Egospotamus Goat River, not far from the estate of Alcibiades. He saw that the Athenians had chosen an inconvenient place for parking: no water, no housing, the soldiers had to disperse far along the shore. Alcibiades rode up to the camp on horseback and warned the commanders of the danger. They answered him: “You are an enemy of the people, take care yourself.” Turning his horse, he said: “If it weren’t for this insult, in ten days you would have been my winners.” Ten days passed, and the Athenians were defeated: the Spartans struck by surprise and captured all the ships almost without a fight. That was the end. Athens surrendered, razed the city fortifications, dissolved the people's assembly, "thirty tyrants" led by the cruel Critias began to rule the city, and reprisals began. They said that during the year of the reign of the “thirty” more people died than during ten years of war.
Alcibiades remembered that it was even more difficult for him to expect good from the Spartans than from the Athenians. He abandoned his Thracian home and again took refuge in Persia. He knew that the people in Athens again bitterly regretted his expulsion and saw in him their last hope. But the Spartans also knew this. A convincing request was sent to the Persian satrap: to rid the victors of a dangerous man. The house where Alcibiades lived was surrounded and set on fire. Alcibiades threw carpets and dresses into the fire and rushed out of the house over them with a sword in his hands. The killers did not dare to approach him; they shot him from a distance with bows. Thus died the one about whom they said: “Greece would not have endured a second Alcibiades.”

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Text content of presentation slides: Lesson topic: Peloponnesian War02/05/2015 Which policies of Ancient Greece have we already met? What unions led these two polis? Which polis adhered to a democratic system, which oligarchic? How did the residents of these policies treat each other? Objectives of the lesson: - find out who the opponents were in the Peloponnesian War; - find out what kind of system, democratic or oligarchic, existed in these cities; - find out why they fought, the reason; - find out how the war ended. Let's compare the answers 1) - b, c, d, 2) - d 3) - a “Greece would not have endured a second Alcibiades...” Memo for characterizing and evaluating a historical figure1. Remember or establish (using a textbook): when and in what country he lived and acted; his goals, plans; by what means he achieved the goal.2. Describe his appearance and character. What personal qualities helped him achieve his goal (and which hindered him)? What do you appreciate about his character, what do you disapprove of?3. List the main results of his activities (what goals were achieved).4. Establish (by his deeds, actions) in the interests of whom he acted.5. Evaluate the activities of an outstanding person (to whom it was useful, beneficial; did it help strengthen the state, develop the country, improve the situation of the masses, develop culture).6. Express your attitude or disapproval; how do you feel about the means by which he achieved his goal; What traits of his character would you like to emulate?
Continue the sentences..I liked what...I learned to do (perform)...I succeeded...I didn’t understand anything...New knowledge will be useful to me on...Homework:Repeat paragraph 32, complete the tasks in a printed notebook.

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The Peloponnesian War is an event of 431-404 BC. It should be noted that the Peloponnesian War differed from other military actions taking place in Greece in duration (first of all, its difference was the break of 27 years), in the consequences and its historical significance in general, the bitterness of the parties and the scope of military actions also had their differences.

Two large states of Greece fought - the maritime power of Athens and the Peloponnesian Union, led by Sparta. The policies of western Greece, southern Italy, and even Sicily joined the fight, and a non-Greek power (the Persian Achaemenid power) also entered the war. Subsequently, all the above arguments made the war of universal significance.

First of all, the war was provoked by a number of social and economic reasons. In the fifth century BC, a very small number of states with a high level of economy existed in this territory. The policies of the Asia Minor coast, as a result of the defeat after the offensive of Darius of the Ionian, did not have the opportunity to restore their economy to the previous level. Other cities of Greece, which were located in the Balkan Peninsula, had too little commodity production. For this reason, the main importance in trading activities was given to two states: Corinth and Athens. Both cities had already reached the initial level of development of maritime trade and commodity production, each of them had its own interest in expanding the scope of its influence on the economy. Intense rivalry between two strong states in this matter became inevitable.

The trading city called Megara was also not spared by the struggle between Corintho and Athens, because this city has a fairly convenient location for trading, namely on the Isthmian Isthmus, where there is a road connecting the Saronic Gulf and the Corinthian Gulf, Central Greece and the Peloponnese. As you know, Megara is economically weaker than both Corinth and Athens, so in 460 BC they broke with Corinth and began an alliance with Athens, six years later they returned. During the period of Pericles, thanks to the alliance of Athens in the Aegean Sea, the Athenians had influence over the western part of the state.

Thus, fearing the loss of political prestige among all members of the Peloponnesian League, Sparta had to support Corinth, because it was the largest and most influential participant. Also here, the struggle between Athens and Sparta for hegemony over the cities of Greece played a significant role. In 446 BC, a “peace treaty” was concluded between Athens and Sparta, despite which the Athenians pursued their policies, thereby supporting cities at war with Sparta.

The Peloponnesian War went down in the history of Ancient Greece as the largest conflict between Athens and Sparta. Many policies that were part of each of the two alliances were drawn into the war. The confrontation lasted for 27 years and turned out to be disastrous for the entire Greek people.

Causes of the conflict

There have long been irreconcilable differences between Sparta and Athens. Mainly, they were due to the different forms of statehood of these large ancient city policies.

• Democracy reigned in Athens. In the 5th century, this polis reached its peak: sculpture, architecture, science, and literature of Athens served as a model for all of Greece.
• The political system of Sparta, on the contrary, was a slave-owning oligarchic republic, headed by two kings. Power in Sparta was hereditary, and the council of elders included representatives of the most noble and powerful families.

The contradictions between the two sides were aggravated by the belonging of the townspeople to different nationalities: the Athenians and almost all of their allies were Ionians, in turn, the Spartans and their like-minded people were Dorians.

Rice. 1. Athens.

The largest states formed alliances of policies around themselves, in which a similar political system dominated. Sparta led the Peloponnesian League, and Athens led the Delian League.

The conflict between the two sides was inevitable, and a number of reasons contributed to this:

• The growing expansion of democracy, which caused serious concern in Sparta.
• The desire of Athens to establish its power throughout Hellas.
• Confrontation between Sparta and Athens for supremacy in Greece and the Mediterranean.
• Persian intervention in the relations of the two alliances in order to further sow enmity between them.

Tension between the states grew more and more and in 431 BC. e. resulted in a military conflict.

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Rice. 2. Ancient Sparta.

Progress of hostilities

Traditionally, the Peloponnesian War is divided into two major periods:

• Archidamus' War - got its name in honor of Archidamus II, the Spartan king. The Spartans made regular military raids into Attica, while Athens concentrated all its forces at sea, controlling the coast of the Peloponnese. The end date of this period was 421 BC. e., when the Treaty of Nicias was signed.
• Ionian War - the final stage of the Peloponnesian War. The peace treaty was violated by the resumption of military conflict in the Peloponnese. In 415 BC. e. The Athenians sent their forces to attack Syracuse, but they were completely defeated. The defeat of Athens led to the final stage of the war. Sparta, having received significant financial assistance from Persia, was able to build a powerful fleet and provide support to policies dependent on Athens. Thus, the rulers of Sparta were able to thoroughly undermine the power of the Athenian state and deprive it of its superiority in the Aegean Sea. Destruction of the Athenian fleet in 405 BC. put an end to this war, and the following year Athens was forced to capitulate.

Table “Events of the Peloponnesian War”

Defeated Athens ceased to exist as a maritime power, giving its entire fleet to Sparta. In the Greek world, the leadership position passed to Sparta, and the oligarchic regime of “thirty tyrants” was established in Athens.

Rice. 3. End of the Peloponnesian War.

The war, which lasted 27 years, fundamentally changed the political situation in Greece. Despite the fact that formally the two largest policies participated in it, in fact many other cities of Hellas were drawn into this protracted conflict.

The direct consequence of the Peloponnesian War was the complete ruin of farms and general poverty on the territory of the warring states, increased social tension and frequent civil wars.

What have we learned?

When studying the topic “Peloponnesian War” in the 5th grade history program, we learned briefly about the Peloponnesian War. We learned what served as the prerequisites for the start of a major military conflict, how it developed, and who won. Having become acquainted with the contents of the report, we found out what the consequences of the Peloponnesian War were not only for Athens and Sparta, but for all of Greece.

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