Case endings of nouns in Latin. Latin language. Declension of nouns in Latin

The Latin language, despite the fact that it is dead, is still of keen interest in various spheres of human activity, including for linguists.

About Latin

Latin belongs to the Italic branch of Indo-European languages. Despite the fact that Latin is a dead language, interest in its history and study does not fade in our time.

The languages of the Italic branch included Faliscan, Oscan, Umbrian and Latin, but over time the latter supplanted the others. People who spoke Latin were called Latins, and their region of residence was called Latium. Its center was in 753 BC. e. was Rome. Therefore, the Latins called themselves Romans, the founders of the great Roman Empire and its culture, which later influenced all spheres of life in Europe and the world.

Characteristics of grammar

All parts of speech in Latin are divided into changeable and unchangeable. Modifiers include noun, adjective, verb, participle, pronoun, gerund, gerund. The unchangeable ones include adverbs, particles, conjunctions and prepositions. For variable parts of speech there is a declension system in Latin.

Unchangeable parts of speech

The unchangeable parts of speech include conjunction, particle, preposition and interjection.

Variable parts of speech

Variable parts of speech are inflected by gender, number and case and conjugated by person, number, tense, voice and mood.

Language learners should know that Latin has three genders (masculine, feminine, and neuter), two numbers (singular and plural), six cases (nominative, genitive, dative, accusative, instrumental, and vocative), and five declension forms.

Let's take a closer look at the declension system in Latin. When declined, the form of the word changes, that is, the ending changes.

Cases and declension

Why is the declension system in Latin interesting? There are five declension forms for nouns, and three for adjectives.

The first declension includes feminine nouns and adjectives that end in -a in the nominative case and -ae in the genitive case. For example, agua - aguae (water).

The second declension includes masculine nouns and adjectives with the ending -us and the neuter gender with -um in the nominative case and the ending -i in the genitive. For example, albus-albi (white), oleum-olei (oil).

The third declension includes nouns and adjectives whose endings are not listed above or below. This is the largest group of words, since it includes nouns and adjectives of all three genders.

So, in the nominative case the endings in the words y:

masculine - -er, -os. oe, or.
feminine - -x, -io, -is;
neuter --ur, -n, -ma, -i, -c, -e.

In the genitive case they all have the endings -ips, -icis, -tis, -cis, -inis, -is, -eris, -oris, onis.

The fourth declension includes masculine nouns that end in -us and do not change in the genitive case. For example, spiritus (spirit).

The fifth declension includes feminine nouns ending -es in the nominative case and ending -ei in the genitive. For example, species-speciei (collection).

Adjectives, pronouns and nouns in Latin vary in 6 cases:

nominative (who? what?) - in a sentence takes the role of the subject or the nominal part of the predicate;
genitive (whom? what?) - in a sentence is an inconsistent definition, complement or logical subject;
dative (to whom? what?) - in a sentence it takes the role of an indirect object, an object or a person promoting an action;
accusative (who? what?) - in a sentence is an object;
instrumental and prepositional (by whom? with what?) - in the sentence they take on the role of adverbial circumstances;
vocative - has no question, does not take on the role of any member of the sentence in the sentence.

Conjugation and tenses

The verb in Latin has the following characteristics:

Mood - imperative, subjunctive and conditional.
Time - pre-past, past (perfect and imperfect forms), present, pre-future and future.
Voice - active (active) and passive (passive).
The number is singular and plural.
Face - first, second and third.
Conjugation determined by the final sound of the stem. There are 4 conjugations in total - I - -ā, II - -ē, III - -ĭ, -ŭ, consonant, IV - -ī. The exception is the verbs esse, velle, ferre, edere, nolle, which have their own conjugation features.

The pre-past tense tells about an event that happened before an action that happened in the past. For example, Graeci loco, quo hostem superaverant, trophaea statuebant. - The Greeks erected trophies (monuments) in the place where they defeated the enemy.

The pre-future tense tells about an event that will happen earlier than the one the person is talking about. For example, Veniam, quōcumque vocāveris. - I’ll go wherever you call me.

When determining the conjugation of a verb, the infinitive form in the present tense of the active voice is used, which has the ending -re and the letter that comes before the specified ending determines the conjugation of the verb. For example, laborare is a first conjugation because the -re is preceded by the letter a.

Numeral

Numerals in Latin can be ordinal, quantitative, disjunctive and adverbial. The endings of ordinal adjectives are the same as those of adjectives and agree with nouns in gender, number and case.

The Latin language has its own system of numbers, which are designated by letters of the alphabet.

Pronouns

In Latin, pronouns are divided into:

personal;
returnable;
possessive;
index;
relative;
interrogative;
uncertain;
negative;
definitive;
pronominal adjectives.

Adverbs

Adverbs in Latin are divided into independent and derivative and show the characteristics of a process or action.

Latin in medicine

Latin is a mandatory language to study at any medical university, as it is the basic language of medicine throughout the world. Why? The fact is that in Greece, before its conquest by the Romans, there was a developed medical system with its own terminology, the foundation of which was laid by Hippocrates. These terms have survived unchanged to this day. The words derma, gaster, bronchus, dispnoe, diabetes are familiar to any Greek person. But over time, the Latinization of medical terminology occurred and today it is pure Latin, but a mixture with Greek. There are several objective reasons why Latin is not losing ground:

Nulla regula sine exceptione.
There is no rule without exception.

Nouns in Latin are divided into five declensions depending on the final sounds of the stem. In accordance with their belonging to one or another declension, they take different case endings.

For those who accidentally came across the site: the Latin alphabet and reading rules are presented in the previous lesson.

First declension, -a, singularis

The first declension includes nouns and adjectives whose stem ends in - a; therefore it can also be called declension - a. It includes feminine nouns, which in nom. sing. have an ending - a, in gen. sing. - ae eg: schol a, school ae - school, schools; vill a,will ae - villa, villas. This also includes a small group of masculine nouns, denoting a male profession or belonging to a particular nationality (the natural attribute associated with the meaning of the word is decisive); eg: poēt a, poēt ae - poet; agricŏl a, agricŏl ae - farmer; Pers a,Pers ae - Persian.

To correctly determine which declension a noun belongs to, it is necessary to write it out and memorize it in two cases - nominative and genitive, eg: schola, scholae; toga, togae; Roma, Romae

We give an example of the declension of a noun with an adjective of the 1st declension in the singular. Pay attention to the word order characteristic of Latin, where the adjective usually appears after noun:

Singularis
No.	puell ă pulchr ă beautiful girl	amīc ă bon ă good friend
Gen.	puell ae pulchr ae	amīc ae bon ae
Dat.	puell ae pulchr ae	amīc ae bon ae
Asc.	puell am pulchr am	amīc am bon am
Abl.	puell ā pulchr ā	amīc ā bon ā
Voc.	puell ă pulchr ă	amīc ă bon ă

N.B. (nota bene! - pay attention, remember well!)

1. Ablatīvus has an ending -A (A long), nominativus and vocativus - -ă (a short).

2. Before you start translating sentences, you should remember that the subject always appears in nominative case:

Mother praises the maid. - Mater ancillam laudat.
Girl(is) at school. - Puella in scholā est.

In these sentences, the Russian and Latin constructions completely coincide: the subject is in the nominative case.

Now compare the following phrases:

genitive

Girls not at school.
There are many slaves.

Puella in scholā non est.
Multae ancillae sunt.

Here, when translated into Russian, Latin personal constructions are replaced by impersonal ones, Latin nominativus is replaced by the genitive case; literal translation: “the girl is not at school”, “there are many slaves” - does not correspond to the norms of the Russian language.

3. If the predicate in a sentence is nominally compound, that is, it consists of the auxiliary verb esse and the nominal part expressed by a noun or adjective, then the nominal part in Latin always stands in nominative case, i.e. agrees with the subject:

Puella bona est.
Syra ancilla est.

Girl - good.
Syrah - maid.

When translating, the Latin nominativus is preserved if the auxiliary verb is in the present tense: “Slave unhappy", "Tullia (is) girlfriend Julia." If the auxiliary verb is in the past or future tense, the nominal part of the predicate is translated instrumental case: “Tullia was (will be) girlfriend Julia."

4. The predicate in most cases comes at the end of the sentence; When starting a translation, you must first find the predicate, then the subject, and only after that add the rest of the sentence to them. For example: Terentia ancillam vocat. Predicate - vocat calling; we ask: who is calling? - and look for nominativus - Terentia: Terence is calling. Next question: who is he calling? ancillam (acc.) slave. Translation of the entire sentence: “Terence calls the slave.” Note the differences in word order:

Terentia Tulliam vocat.

Terence is calling Tullia.

Puella Syram laudat.

The girl praises Siru.

Dictionary(for translate)

puella, ae girl
Romana, ae Roman
est is, is
matrōna, ae woman, madam
mater mother
filia, ae daughter
amīca, ae girlfriend
vocat calling
tunĭca, ae tunic
nova, ae new
da give
quo Where
propĕras you're in a hurry, you're going
rogat asks

silva, ae forest
in(with acc.) in
cum(with abl.) with (with whom, with what)
cum amīcā with a friend
propĕro I'm going, I'm in a hurry
respondet answers
quo propĕras Where are you going?
(in silvam propĕro I'm going to the forest)
quo-cum propĕras Who are you going with?
(cum amīca propĕro I'm going with a friend)

Tullia, Iulia, Aemilia, Terentia- names of Roman women; Syra- name of a slave, maid

Translate:

Tullia puella Romana est. Terentia matrōna Romāna est. Terentia mater Tulliae est. Iulia, Aemiliae filia, Tulliae amīca est. Terentia Syram vocat: “Syra! Tulliae tunĭcam novam da!” “Quo propĕras, Tullia?” - Syra rogat. “In silvam cum amīcā propĕro,” respondet Tullia.

First conjugation. Base -a

Infinitivus

Indeterminate form

- call for

Praesens indicativi activi Present indicative active voice
Face	Singularis	Pluralis
1.	voco- I'm calling	vocā- mus - we are calling
2.	voca- s - you're calling	vocā- tis - you're calling
3.	voca- t - he, she is calling	voca- nt - they call
Imperative- imperative mood
	voca! - call!	vocā-te! - call!

In the text we came across several verbs in various forms: propĕras - You're going; rogat - she asks; da- give. Their common feature is the vowel -A, which indicates that the verbs belong to one conjugation group, namely the I conjugation. The first conjugation includes verbs whose stem ends in a vowel -ā. We determine whether a verb belongs to one conjugation or another by the vowel sound that comes before the indefinite suffix. In all four conjugations this suffix is -re; if it is discarded, the stem of the verb remains, for example: vocā-re - call for; rogā-re - ask; properā-re - go, hurry.

The imperative mood has only 2nd person forms. The singularis has a pure stem: voca! propĕra! roga!

Remember personal verb endings. These endings are used for all conjugations in almost all tenses:

	Singularis	Pluralis
1. 2. 3.	-O -s -t	-mus -tis -nt

Latin is (that is, it has a wide range of affixes) which belongs to the Italic group. Its peculiarity is the free order of words when constructing a sentence. Nouns are inflected for number and adjectives (including participles) are inflected for number, case and gender; verbs are inflected according to person, number, tense, voice and mood. Thus, declension in Latin is a frequently used category. The verb inflections (endings and suffixes) of Latin are among the most diverse among the Indo-European languages. Latin is considered a classic in linguistics.

A Brief History of the Latin Language

Latin was originally spoken in Lazio, Italy. Thanks to the power of the Roman Republic, Latin became the dominant language, first in Italy and then throughout the Roman Empire. Vernacular Latin was reborn into Romance languages such as Italian, Portuguese, Spanish, French and Romanian. Latin, Italian and French contributed many words to the English language. Latin and ancient Greek roots and terms are used in theology, biology and medicine. By the end of the Roman Republic (75 BC), Old Latin had developed into a classical language. Vulgar Latin was the colloquial form. It is attested in inscriptions and the works of Roman playwrights such as Plautus and Terence.

Late Latin writing arose and took shape around the third century AD. Medieval Latin was used from the 9th century until the Renaissance. Further, as modern Latin appeared, it began to evolve. Latin was the language of international communication, science, and theology. Latin was the language of science until the 18th century, when other European languages began to supplant it. Ecclesiastical Latin remains the official language of the Holy See and the Latin Rite of the entire Catholic Church.

Influence of Latin on other languages

The Latin language in its colloquial form, which is called Vulgar Latin (in the understanding - “folk”), became the ancestral language for other national European languages, united into one language branch called Romance. Despite the similarity of origin of these languages, there are currently significant differences between them, which formed as Latin developed in the conquered lands over a number of centuries. Latin, as a primary language, was greatly modified under the influence of local indigenous languages and dialects.

Brief description of Latin grammar

Latin is a synthetic, inflected language in language classification terminology. That is, a language in which word formation using inflections dominates. Inflections represent words or endings. Latin words include a lexical semantic element and endings indicating the grammatical use of the word. The fusion of a root, which carries the meaning of a word, and an ending creates very compact sentence elements: for example, amō, "I love", is derived from the semantic element, am- "to love", and the ending -ō, indicating that it is a first person singular verb , and which is a suffix.

Declension of nouns in Latin

An ordinary Latin noun belongs to one of the five main groups of declensions, that is, having the same ending forms. The declension of a Latin noun is determined by the genitive singular. That is, it is necessary to know the genitive case of the noun. Also, each case has its own endings. Latin noun declension includes the following.

The first includes feminine nouns, as well as masculine ones, naming a person’s occupation or nationality. The 1st declension of the Latin language is determined in the singular genitive case by the ending -ae. For example: persa - Persian; agricŏla - peasant. Basically, the first declension is -a.
The 2nd declension in Latin usually ends with the letter - o. Identified in the singular genitive case by ending -i. The second declension includes masculine nouns ending in -us, -er, neuter nouns ending in -um and a small group of feminine lexemes ending in -us.
The 3rd declension in Latin is a fairly versatile group of nouns. They can be divided into three main categories.
1. Consonant.
2. Vowel.
3. Mixed. Students are advised to thoroughly master the first three categories.
Fourth declension, predominantly ending with the letter -y in noun cases. It is determined by the genitive singular with the ending -ūs.
The fifth declension in Latin predominantly ends with the letter -e in cases. It is determined by the genitive singular with the ending -ei. This is a small group of nouns.

Thus, the declensions in the Latin language are quite diverse, since, as mentioned above, Latin is a strongly inflected language. in Latin it is practically no different from nouns. In fact, in many ways it is similar to the Russian language, where their declensions also coincide. The most numerous group of words in Latin are nouns of the 1st declension. Latin also includes a number of words that are not inflected.

Latin noun cases

Classical Latin has seven noun cases. The declension of adjectives in Latin coincides with the declension of nouns. Let's look at all seven cases:

The nominative case is used when the noun is the subject or predicate. For example, the word amor is love, puella is a girl. That is, the initial form of the noun.
The genitive case expresses the belonging of a noun to another subject.
The dative case is used if the noun is an indirect object of a sentence using special verbs, with some prepositions.
used if the noun is the immediate object of the subject and with a preposition showing place of direction.
The ablative is used when the noun shows separation or movement from a source, cause, instrument, or when the noun is used as an object with certain prepositions.
The vocative case is used when a noun expresses an address to the subject. The vocative form of a noun is the same as the nominative form, with the exception of the second declension of the noun, which ends in -us.
The locative case is used to indicate location (corresponds to the Russian preposition V or on). This case is used only in this context.

We briefly discussed the endings (Latin) of declension above. For example, for 1st declension they will be as follows: -a, -ae, -ae, -am, -a, -a.

The declension of nouns in Latin is manifested in case endings.

Latin verb: conjugation category

A regular verb in Latin belongs to one of the four main ones - this is a class of verbs that have the same endings. The conjugation is determined by the last letter of the root of the present tense verb. The present tense root can be found by omitting the infinitive ending -re (-ri l for negative verbs). The infinitive of the first conjugation ends in --ā-re or --ā-ri (active and passive voice), for example: amāre - "to love", hortārī - "to exhort", the second conjugation - in -ē-re or -ē-rī : monēre - “to warn”, verērī, - “to intimidate”, third conjugation - in -ere, -ī: dūcere - “to lead”, ūtī - “to use”; in the fourth -ī-re, -ī-rī: audīre - “hear”, experīrī - “try”. Thus, the Latin verb is conjugated by person depending on its conjugation.

Latin verb tenses

In Latin there are 6 specific grammatical tenses (tempus), which are only partly available in Russian. These are the following species-temporal forms:

Present tense.
Imperfect.
Past perfect tense.
Pre-past (long past) tense.
Future perfect tense.
Future imperfect tense.

Each time has its own formula and rules of education. Also, the Latin verb has a category of mood and voice.

Latin vocabulary

Since Latin is an Italic language, most of its vocabulary is also Italic, that is, of ancient Proto-Indo-European origin. However, due to close cultural interaction, the Romans not only adapted the Etruscan alphabet into the Latin one, but also borrowed some Etruscan words. Latin also includes vocabulary borrowed from the Osci, another ancient Italic people. Of course, the largest category of borrowings is from Greek.

Romance languages

Romance languages are a group of languages, as well as dialects, belonging to the Italic subgroup of Indo-European and having one common ancestor - Latin. Their name is Romanesque - goes back to the Latin term Romanus (Roman).

The branch of linguistics that studies Romance languages, their origin, development, typology is called Romance studies. Peoples who speak them are called Romance-speaking. Thus, the dead language continues to exist in them. The number of speakers of Romance languages at the moment is about 800 million worldwide. The most common language in the group is Spanish, followed by Portuguese and French. There are more than 50 Romance languages in total.

GENERAL INFORMATION ABOUT GRAMMAR CATEGORIES OF NAMES
Nouns, adjectives and pronouns have grammatical categories in Latin sort of(genus), numbers(numerus) and case(casus).
In Latin there is:

1. Three kinds.
masculinum (m) -- masculine
feminine (f) -- feminine
neutral (n) -- neuter gender

2. Two numbers.
singularis-- singular
pluralis-- plural

3. The Latin declension system is formed six cases.
nominatīvus-- nominative
genitīvus-- genitive
datīvus-- dative
accusatīvus-- accusative
ablatīvus-- ablative (delayive)
vocatīvus-- vocative

The Latin ablative combined the meanings of three once independent Indo-European cases: instrumental or instrumental instrumentalis, denoting an instrument or means of action; local locatīvus, indicating the place of action; deferent, removable ablatīvus, denoting an object or person from which something is removed, separated. ablatīvus received its name from this last function. Latin ablatīvus correlates with the Russian instrumental case, but retains the meaning of place and removal.

FIVE DECLINATIONS OF NOUNS
Depending on the ending of the historical stem, Latin nouns are divided into five declensions(declinatio):
I declension - basis on -a
II declension - basis on -ŏ/-ĕ
III declension -- based on a consonant sound or -ī
IV declension - basis on -ŭ
V declension - basis on -ē

Since the historical basis is often difficult to identify due to the merging of its vowel sound with the ending, the belonging of a word to one or another declension is practically determined by the gender ending. case unit numbers ( genetīvus singularis)
Endings gen. sing. I - V declensions

In dictionaries, next to the nominative case, the ending or full form of the genitive case (gen. sing.) is always given:

terra, a.e. f land, country
lupus, ī m wolf
avis,is f bird
casŭs, ūs m case; case
res, rĕi f thing; case

N.B. When memorizing nouns, you should definitely memorize them in two forms - nominative and genitive cases, for example: terra, terrae, feminine land, country

If from the form gen. sing. discard the ending, then we get the basis, which we will call practical. So, for example, for a noun of the first declension terra(gen. sing. terrae) practical basis terr-, historical - terra-. In what follows, we will simply call the historical basis “the basis.”

I DECLINATION

NOUNS, ADJECTIVES, POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS
The I declension includes nouns with a stem in -a. In nom. sing. all nouns of the first declension end in -ă , For example: aqua water, terră Earth.
A practical sign of the first declension is the ending gen. sing. -ae: nom. sing. aqu a, gen. sing. aqu ae.
Most nouns of the first declension -- female. (Compare in Russian the declension of nouns like water, Earth, grass; they are all feminine). But words denoting male persons, including proper names, are masculine: Agricŏla, a.e. m farmer, nauta, a.e. m sailor, incŏla, ae m inhabitant, Catilina, a.e. m Catilina. (Compare the words in Russian grandfather, voivode, headman, Thomas. As in Latin, in this case the grammatical gender obeys the natural one).

aqua, ae f water

Case	Singularis	Pluralis
N.	aqu ă	aqu ae
G.	aqu ae	aqu ārum
D.	aqu ae	aqu is
Acc.	aqu am	aqu as
Abl.	aqu ā	aqu is
V.	aqu ă	aqu ae

1.Nom. and voc. units and many more the numbers of names of the first declension are the same.
2. Abl. sing. ends in a long stem vowel -ā
3.Dat. and abl. pl. match up. This coincidence is a feature of all declensions.

Just like nouns with stems -a, feminine adjectives are declined, for example: magnă big -- terra magna big land:

Case	Singularis	Pluralis
N., V.	terr ă magn ă	terr ae magn ae
G.	terr ae magn ae	terr ārum magn ārum
D.	terr ae magn ae	terr is magn is
Acc.	terr am magn am	terr as magn as
Abl.	terr ā magn ā	terr is magn is

Feminine possessive pronouns are declined in the same way: mea my, tua yours, nostra our, vestra yours and feminine reflexive possessive pronoun sua its*:

nom. sing. nostra terra magna our great country
gen. sing. nostrae terrae magnae our great country, etc.

* The reflexive possessive pronoun in Latin (as in French, German, English, Italian and other languages, but unlike Russian) is used only in relation to the 3rd person subject. In Russian, the pronoun “svoy” is used regardless of the person of the subject. Latin possessive pronouns change their form accordingly. with person and number verb:
epistŏlam meam mitto -- I send yours letter
epistŏlam tuam mittis -- you send yours letter
epistŏlam suam mittit -- he (she) sends yours letter
epistŏlam nostram mittĭmus -- we send yours letter
epistŏlam vestram mittĭtis -- you send yours letter
epistŏlam suam mittunt -- she sends yours letter

WORD FORMATION OF NOUNS I declension
Nouns of the first declension are formed from both verbal and nominal stems.

1. Name bases.
From adjective stems using suffixes -ia, -itia properties, qualities or state:

avārus, a, um stingy; avar-itia, ae f stinginess
justus, a, um fair; just-itia, ae f justice
miser, ĕra, ĕrum unhappy; miser-ia, ae f poverty; misfortune

2. Verb stems.
a) From the base of the infection with suffixes -(e)ntia, -(a)ntia nouns with meaning are formed quality or state:

scire know; sci-entia, ae f knowledge
ignore dont know; ingor-antia, a.e. f ignorance, ignorance

b) From the base of the supina using suffixes -(t)ura, -(s)ura nouns with meaning are formed result of action:

colo, colui, cultum 3 process; cul-tūra, ae f processing
pingo, pinxi, pictum 3 paint; pic-tūra, ae f picture

All these types of word formation in the first declension are productive.

PREPOSITIONS

Prepositions by origin are adverbs that lexically clarify the main meaning of the case form. So, for example, the main meaning of the ablative - removal, distancing - can be lexically specified by prepositions ex, ab: ex horto from the garden, ab horto from the garden and etc.
Like adverbs, prepositions initially did not have a fixed place in the sentence. Some traces of this have been preserved in the Latin language, for example, the use of a preposition between the definition and the word being defined: magna cum virtual with great valor,qua de causa for what reason, why and etc.
Some words in classical Latin are used both as adverbs and prepositions, for example, ante, post, contra etc.: ante volat flies ahead, Where ante-- adverb, ante lucem before dawn, Where ante- preposition, used with wine case.
Prepositions are a developing part of speech, constantly replenished by other parts of speech, for example, nouns frozen in any case; for example in abl.: causa -- because of, gratia -- thanks, for the sake of. The prepositions causa, gratia are used with the genitive case and postpositively: belli causa because of war.
In Latin, prepositions are combined either with the accusative case or with the ablative case. And only two prepositions ( in And sub) are combined with both cases.
1. The most common prepositions with accusative case:

ad to, at
ante before, before
apud at, near
contra against, in spite of
ob because of
per through
post after
praeter except
propter because of, as a consequence, due to
trans through

2. The most common prepositions with ablative:

a(ab) from
cum With ( compatibility)
de s, co ( department); o, about; according to
e(ex) from
prae in front, in front; because of
pro for, in defense; instead of
blue without

3. Prepositions with two cases:

in in, on - "where?" + acc.; "Where?" + abl.
sub under - "where?" + acc.; "Where?" + abl.

Notes:
1. Prepositions a And e before words starting with a vowel sound, take forum ab And ex.
2. Remember prepositions with ablative and two cases ( in, sub). Most prepositions in Latin are combined with the accusative case. You will encounter these prepositions in subsequent lessons.

PRAESENS INDICATIVI VERB ESSE

Verb essay be forms basic verb forms from different stems like Russian is-was; German sein, war, gewesen; English to be, was and other Indo-European languages. This phenomenon is called suppletivism (from the Latin word suppletīvus additional). In addition, when conjugating a verb essay in praesens ind. there is an alternation of bases s/es. (Wed. Russian 3rd person singular numbers - “there is”, 3rd person plural. numbers - "essence"; German 3rd person singular numbers - ist, 3rd person plural. sind numbers, etc.)

Face	Singularis	Pluralis
1.	sum* I am	sumus we are
2.	es you are	estis you are
3.	est she is	sunt they are (essence)

* In verb conjugation essay before nasal sounds m And n thematic vowel retained ŭ .

In Russian the verb be in the present tense has lost its conjugation, i.e. does not differ by persons and numbers. In Old Russian the verb be conjugated:

Unit number: 1. am; 2. if you; 3. There is;
Mn. number: 1. I am; 2. naturally; 3. essence (essence).

DATĪVUS COMMŎDI (INCOMMŎDI)

The dative case can denote the person or thing in whose interests (or to whose detriment) the action is performed. This dative case is called datīvus commŏdi (incommŏdi)(dative of interest) and is translated into Russian in the genitive case with prepositions for the sake of:

Non scholae, sed vitae discĭmus. - We study not for school, but for life.

ABLATĪVUS MODI

An ablative can express an image or method of action. In this function, the ablative name is usually used with a definition without a preposition or with a preposition cum, which is often placed between the definition and the word being defined. This ablative is called ablatīvus modi(ablative mode of action):

SYNTAX OF A SIMPLE ADVANCED SENTENCE

1. Word order in the Latin language of the classical period is relatively fixed:

a) the subject usually comes first;
b) the predicate is usually placed in last place. If the predicate comes first in a sentence, then from the point of view of the Latin language this is inversion, and, therefore, the predicate has a special logical emphasis;
c) direct object is expressed only by wine. case without a preposition and is most often placed before the predicate or closer to the predicate;
d) the agreed definition is placed mainly after the word being defined.

2. Verb essay in the meaning of the copula it is usually not omitted, with the exception of proverbs, sayings, maxims, where it can be omitted.
3. The nominal part of the compound predicate is placed in the nominative case, consistent with the subject of the sentence.
4. Negation of verbs does not change the verb control and does not change the construction of the sentence.
5. In a Latin negative sentence there can be only one negation (including negative words - pronouns, adverbs). If there are two negatives in a sentence, then the entire statement takes on an emphatically positive meaning.

LEXICAL MINIMUM

Agricŏla, a.e. m farmer
agricultūra, a.e. f agriculture
amicitia, a.e. f friendship
amo 1 be in love
Bestia, a.e. f animal, beast
cito quickly, soon
colo, colui, cultum 3 process, care for; read
cura, ae f care, effort
epistŏla, ae f letter
fortuna, a.e. f fate, fate; happiness
incŏla, ae m inhabitant
natūra, a.e. f nature
patria, a.e. f fatherland, homeland
Quia since, because
scientia, a.e. f knowledge; the science
Silva, a.e. f forest
studeo, studui, -- 2 (+dat.) strive, try; (hard) study
sum, fui, --, esse be
tabŭla, ae f board; painting
terra, a.e. f Earth; a country
Victoria, a.e. f victory
vita, ae f life Singularis: Singular

Case	Latin form	Transcription Cyrillic	Translation
nom.	puell-ă	[puell-a]	girl (named after)
gen.	puell-ae	[puell-e]	girls (born fall)
dat.	puell-ae	[puell-e]	girl (Dan. fall.)
acc.	puell-am	[puell-am]	girl (vin. fall.)
abl.	puell-ā	[puell-a]	girl (creative fall.)
voc.	=nom.	=nom.	oh girl! (called pad.)

Plurālis: Plural girls (named after) girls (born and fall) girls (Dan. fall.) girls (vin. pad.) girls (creative fall.) oh girls! (called pad.)

Case	Latin form	Transcription Cyrillic
nom.	puell-ae	[puell-e]
gen.	puell-ārum	[puell-arum]
dat.	puell-is	[puell-is]
acc.	puell-as	[puell-as]
abl.	puell-is	[puell-is]
voc.	=nom.	=nom.

The dictionary sign for the length and brevity of a vowel (a dash and a bow, respectively; for example, ā and ă) is placed hereinafter either in the case when knowledge of the number of a vowel is important for the correct placement of stress in a Latin word (that is, over the vowel of the second syllable from the end of the word , if this vowel is followed by one consonant), or when it is important for distinguishing forms or words.

In modern academic pronunciation of Latin words, vowel length and shortness do not differ. However, it should be noted that the nominative form puell-ă and the ablative form puell-ā are not homonyms: they differ in the length-shortness of the final vowel, which had a phonetic expression in the ancient Roman pronunciation of the archaic and classical eras.

The coincidence in the plural of dative and ablative (puell-is) is a morphological universal of the Latin language: such a coincidence is observed in all five declensions of Latin (however, there is another case inflection).

In the plural, the vocative and nominative in Latin are the same in all declensions; in the singular, the vocative and nominative often coincide, but not always.

When studying Latin, you must strictly adhere to the following methodological rule:

Features of first declension nouns in Latin

The belonging of a Latin noun to the first declension is determined by the form genetīvus singulāris (genitive singular; abbreviated as gen.sg.), namely by the ending -ae in this form.

As for the nominative case form (nominatīvus singulāris; abbreviated as nom.sg.) of first declension nouns, it ends in Latin (with rare exceptions) in -ă.

Dictionary entry for a Latin noun of the 1st declension

In Latin dictionaries Latin noun of the first declension looks like this:

the form nominatīvus singulāris is given;
separated by a comma, the ending of the form genetīvus singulāris is indicated, by which it is determined that this noun belongs specifically to the first declension and not to some other declension;
in parentheses (or using another printing means) the gender of the word is indicated in abbreviated form - feminine or masculine;
a translation or interpretation is given in Russian.

This sequence of vocabulary instructions should be remembered when memorizing Latin nouns.

Examples of Latin feminine first declension nouns

Names of objects and plants:

alga, ae (f.) algae
aqua, ae (f.) water
barba, ae (f.) beard
betŭla, ae (f.) birch
caltha, ae (f.) marigold
cista, ae (f.) chest
dolābra, ae (f.) hoe
esca, ae (f.) food; bait
faba, ae (f.) bean
herba, ae (f.) grass
lappa, ae (f.) burdock
luna, ae (f.) moon
margarīta, ae (f.) pearl
rota, ae (f.) wheel
sagitta, ae (f.) arrow
silva, ae (f.) forest
statua, ae (f.) statue
stella, ae (f.) star
terra, ae (f.) earth
umbra, ae (f.) shadow
via, ae (f.) road

Names of persons and animals:

alauda, ae (f.) lark
amīca, ae (f.) friend
aquĭla, ae (f.) eagle
bestia, ae (f.) beast
blatta, ae (f.) mole
Diāna, ae (f.) Diana
discipŭla, ae (f.) student
equa, ae (f.) mare
filia, ae (f.) daughter
lupa, ae (f.) she-wolf
luscinia, ae (f.) nightingale
magistra, ae (f.) teacher
Minerva, ae (f.) Minerva
musca, ae (f.) fly
rana, ae (f.) frog

Names of actions, states, and other abstract concepts:

fuga, ae (f.) flight
historia, ae (f.) history
laetitia, ae (f.) joy
natūra, ae (f.) nature
philosophia, ae (f.) philosophy
potentia, ae (f.) power
scientia, ae (f.) knowledge
vita, ae (f.) life

Words of the 1st declension category pluralia tantum

In words pluralia tantum(literally - 'plural only') are nouns that do not have singular forms. They are used only in plural forms, but can also denote a single object. How many objects are denoted by a category noun? pluralia tantum, depends on the context and situation. There are similar words in the Russian language: watch, sleigh, scissors, pants and others. True, in Russian, unlike Latin, these words often denote objects consisting of clearly observable paired parts, which historically explains the plurality of forms of the corresponding nouns.

Since words have categories pluralia tantum If there are no singular forms, then their dictionary entry will have a form somewhat different from the type of dictionary entry of ordinary nouns: instead of the singular number, the plural forms will be indicated.

Example words pluralia tantum in the 1st declension of Latin:

Athēnae, ārum (f.) Athens (city)
indutiae, ārum (f.) truce
insidiae, ārum (f.) ambush; intrigues
nugae, ārum (f.) nonsense, trifles
praestigiae, ārum (f.) focus; sell
tenĕbrae, ārum (f.) darkness
Thebae, ārum (f.) Thebes (city)

Some Latin nouns are category words pluralia tantum not in all its meanings. Thus, the noun copia is an ordinary noun meaning ‘multitude, abundance’(hence the word copy in Russian), but in the meaning of ‘army’ it becomes a category word pluralia tantum- copiae.
Wed. also: littĕra, ae (f.) letter and littĕrae, ārum (f.) letter.

Composition of the first declension in Latin

The first declension in Latin consists of feminine (feminīnum) and masculine (masculīnum) nouns. Moreover, there are much more feminine nouns of the first declension in Latin than masculine nouns of the first declension.

In this regard, an analogy with the first declension of the school grammar of the Russian language is appropriate: it mainly includes words of the feminine gender (woman, wall, birch, war, friendship and others), but there are - in smaller numbers - masculine words (young man, grandfather , Satan and others).

It is important to pay attention to the fact that in first declension of Latin(as in the Russian first declension) a semantic restriction is imposed on masculine nouns: these are always animate nouns denoting male persons. At the same time, feminine nouns of the first declension of Latin can be both animate and inanimate; denote both persons and objects or concepts.

Examples of Latin masculine first declension nouns

athlēta, ae (m.) athlete
convīva, ae (m.) table companion
lixa, ae (m.) sutler
nauta, ae (m.) sailor
pirāta, ae (m.) pirate
poēta, ae (m.) poet
scriba, ae (m.) scribe

Latin names of rivers of the 1st declension

Regularly - however, with a number of exceptions - the names of rivers are masculine among the nouns of the 1st declension in Latin. This is explained by the influence of mythological ideas on the grammar of the Latin language. River deities were usually thought of as male, which is also reflected in the art of antiquity. Here are examples of river names of the 1st declination:

Sequăna, ae (m.) Sequana (river in Gaul; modern Seine)
Matŏna, ae (m.) Matrona (river in Gaul; modern Marne)

Thus, for the Latin linguistic consciousness Seine river or Marne river- This He, but not she, in contrast to Russian or French linguistic consciousness. Therefore, adjectives in Latin agree with such nouns in the masculine gender, and not in the feminine gender.

More about rivers in ancient mythology:

ZAUMNIK.RU, Egor Polikarpov, teacher of Latin and ancient Greek: text, scientific editing, scientific proofreading. To order the services of a Latin tutor or translator, please write here: or here.