How ancient people imagined the universe. Ancient peoples' ideas about the Universe

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"Game Universe" - Celestial bodies. World of stars. General lesson on the topic: “Universe” “Big Game”. Crossword puzzle "solar system". Ancient people about the universe, celestial bodies, neighbors of the sun, giant planets. What people represented the Universe this way? Neighbors of the sun. Galaxies. Crossword. The Ancients about the Universe.

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In this lesson we will learn about what the Universe is and how it works. We will discover the world of mysterious and incomprehensible outer space. Let's talk about how ancient civilizations imagined the Universe. Let's get acquainted with scientists whose ideas have occupied an important place in the development of science.

Theme: Universe

Lesson: How Ancient People Pictured the Universe

As we found out, methods of cognition can be different. The tasks and goals set for the study are also different. But the single most important thing will remain the interest of understanding the world, the Universe, living and nonliving things. What is the Universe?

Definition.Universe - this is limitless outer space and everything that fills it: celestial bodies, gas, dust.

If we look into the starry sky, we will see various star constellations, solar systems, the Moon - they are all components of the Universe, even stars that cannot be seen without the help of special instruments - telescopes (Fig. 1).

In ancient times, such telescopes did not exist, and people observed the movement of the Moon, Sun, and planets for thousands of years, so it is clear that modern views about the structure of the Universe did not arise instantly, but developed gradually, and the earliest views were significantly different from what we know today . Different peoples of the world imagined the Universe differently.

According to the ideas of the ancient Indians, our Earth was like a hemisphere, which rested on the backs of huge elephants that stood on a giant turtle. The turtle rested on a snake, which closed the space and personified the world (Fig. 2).

For example, the Egyptians had a different idea of ​​the structure of the Universe. Their views were expressed in the form of myth.

The god of the earth - Geb and the goddess of the sky - Nut loved each other very much, and therefore at first our Universe was fused together. Every evening Nut gave birth to stars that appeared in the sky. Every morning before sunrise she swallowed them. And this continued day after day, year after year, until Geb began to get irritated, which is why he called Nut a pig who eats his piglets. Then the sun god Ra intervened and called the wind god Shu to separate heaven and earth. So Nut ascended to heaven in the form of a cow. Sometimes Tehnud came to the aid of her husband Shu, but she very quickly got tired of supporting the heavenly cow and began to cry, and her tears fell like rain to the ground (Fig. 3).

The ancient Babylonians imagined the earth as a huge mountain. In the west of this mountain was Babylonia, which was surrounded by mountains on the east, and the sea in the south. The sea as a whole surrounded this entire mountain, and on top of it, in the form of an inverted bowl, was the sky. The inhabitants of Babylonia thought that there was also land and water in the sky, perhaps even life. The celestial land is the belt of the 12 constellations of the Zodiac: Aries, Taurus, Gemini, Cancer, Leo, Virgo, Libra, Scorpio, Sagittarius, Capricorn, Aquarius, Pisces. They also believed that the sun goes out and goes back into the sea (Fig. 4). They were never able to explain the observed natural phenomena.

The ancient Jews imagined the Earth differently. They lived on a plain, and the Earth seemed to them to be a plain, with mountains rising here and there. Jews assigned a special place in the universe to the winds that bring rain or drought. The abode of the winds, in their opinion, was located in the lower zone of the sky and separated the Earth from the celestial waters: snow, rain and hail. Under the Earth there are waters, from which canals run up, feeding seas and rivers. The ancient Jews apparently had no idea about the shape of the entire Earth.

The ancient Greeks made a great contribution to the development of views about the structure of the Universe. For example, the philosopher Thales (Fig. 5) imagined the Universe as a liquid mass, inside of which there is a large bubble shaped like a hemisphere. The concave surface of this bubble is the vault of heaven, and on the lower, flat surface, like a cork, the flat Earth floats. It is not difficult to guess that Thales based the idea of ​​the Earth as a floating island on the fact that Greece is located on islands. Pythagoras (Fig. 6) was the first to suggest that our Earth is not flat, but similar to a ball. And Aristotle (Fig. 7), developing this hypothesis, created a new model of the world, according to which the motionless Earth is located in the center and is surrounded by eight solid and transparent spheres. The ninth - ensured the movement of all celestial spheres. According to these views, the Sun, Moon and the planets known at that time were attached to the eight spheres (Fig. 8). Aristotle's views were not shared by all scientists. Aristarchus of Samos came closest to the truth, because he believed that at the center of the Universe was not the Earth, but the Sun, but he could not prove this. Subsequently, his views were forgotten for many years.

Aristotle’s views were strengthened in science for a long time, for example, the ancient Greek scientist Claudius Ptolemy also located a stationary Earth in the center of the Universe, around which Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn revolved. The entire Universe was limited by the sphere of fixed stars. The scientist outlined all these views in his work “Mathematical Construction in Astronomy.” The views of Claudius Ptolemy lasted more than the 13th centuries and for a long time were a reference book for many generations of astronomers.

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In the next lesson we will talk about the further development of views on the Universe.

1. Melchakov L.F., Skatnik M.N. Natural history: textbook. for 3.5 grades avg. school - 8th ed. - M.: Education, 1992. - 240 pp.: ill.

2. Andreeva A.E. Natural history 5. / Ed. Traitaka D.I., Andreeva N.D. - M.: Mnemosyne.

3. Sergeev B.F., Tikhodeev O.N., Tikhodeeva M.Yu. Natural history 5.- M.: Astrel.

1. Melchakov L.F., Skatnik M.N., Natural history: textbook. for 3.5 grades avg. school - 8th ed. - M.: Education, 1992. - p. 150, assignments and questions. 3.

2. State interesting facts that relate to the views of the ancient Greeks on the structure of the Universe.

3. Imagine that you need to observe the starry sky. Think over and describe the sequence of actions that you will perform.

4. * Invent a new Universe. Describe what is in it. What are the names of the planets and constellations? How do they interact with each other?

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Slide captions:

The topic of our lesson: “How ancient people imagined the Universe” Geography 5th grade Teacher: Drozd V.G.

Purpose of the lesson: to study previous ideas about the Universe.

You have probably heard the word “Universe” more than once. What it is? The Universe is outer space and everything that fills it: celestial bodies, gas, dust. In other words, this is the whole world. Our planet is part of the vast universe, one of countless celestial bodies

Modern ideas about the structure of the Universe developed gradually. In ancient times they were completely different from what they are now. For a long time, the Earth was considered the center of the Universe.

Ancient peoples' ideas about the Universe

Representations of ancient Indians

Representation of the inhabitants of Mesopotamia In their opinion, the Earth is a mountain, which is surrounded on all sides by the sea and which is supported by 12 columns.

The people of Babylon saw the Universe differently. The Earth, in their opinion, is a mountain surrounded by the sea on all sides. Above them, in the form of an overturned bowl, is the starry sky.

Physical minute I looked at you from the darkness Together with a thousand friends, (The star stands up to his full height, raises his arms and looks up.) I sparkled and shone, (The star rhythmically presses his arms bent at the elbows with his fingers clenched into fists to his sides, then spreads them them to the sides, spreading their fingers, depicting their glow) And then suddenly fell. (The star squats down again.)

Pythagoras (c. 580-500 BC) Great ancient Greek mathematician. He was the first to suggest that the Earth is not flat, but has the shape of a ball.

Aristotle (384-322 BC) System of the world according to Aristotle

Aristarchus of Samos (320-250 BC) Ancient Greek scientist. Believed that the center of the Universe is not the Earth, but the Sun

Claudius Ptolemy (c. 90-160 AD)

Exercise. Using the textbook material, fill out the table Name of the scientist Idea of ​​the Universe Aristotle (384-322 BC) Created a model of the Universe. Believed that in the center of the Universe there is a stationary Earth around which 8 celestial spheres rotate Aristarchus of Samos (320-250 BC) BC) Believed that the center of the Universe is the Sun, and the Earth and other planets move around it Claudius Ptolemy (c. 90-160 AD) Developed a system of the world, in the center of which the Earth and around which five planets revolve, Moon and Sun).Wrote the work “The Great Mathematical Construction of Astronomy” in 13 books.

Test your knowledge 1. Which ancient scientist first proposed that the Earth is spherical? A – Aristotle B – Pythagoras C – Ptolemy 2. According to the ancient Indians, the Earth is: A – flat and rests on a turtle B – round and rests on the backs of giant elephants C – flat and rests on the backs of giant elephants, which, in turn, , rest on a turtle G - round and rest on the backs of giant elephants, which, in turn, rest on the turtle. 3. The first scientist who believed that the center of the Universe was the Earth was: A – Pythagoras B – Aristotle C – Aristarchus of Samos D – Claudius Ptolemy 4. Ptolemy’s system dominated science for: A – 13 centuries B – 15 centuries C – 10 centuries D – 8 centuries

Homework: 1. Paragraph 8 and draw a picture “The idea of ​​the ancient peoples about the Universe” 2. Paragraph 8, prepare a report on the ideas of the ancient peoples about the Universe 3. Paragraph 8, prepare a presentation on the topic.

Thank you for your attention!

For a long time, the Earth was considered the center of the Universe. 4) The system of the world according to Aristotle (philosopher). The center is the stationary Earth, around there are 8 rotating spheres (they are solid and transparent). Celestial bodies are fixedly fixed on the spheres. The 9th sphere ensures the movement of the remaining spheres - the engine of the Universe. The Universe is limited by the fixed sphere of stars.

For many centuries, the teachings of Ptolemy dominated, but in the Middle Ages science and trade began to actively develop... In the 14th - 16th centuries. Portugal and Spain were discovered - this changed the geographical map of the world. F. Magellan's trip around the world finally proved the sphericity of our planet.

System of the world according to Copernicus 7) System of the world according to N. Copernicus. Nicolaus Copernicus created a new model of the Universe. He observed celestial bodies, studied works, and performed mathematical calculations. 1) The Earth revolves around the Sun 2) The center of the world is the Sun 3) The planets rotate around the Sun and around their axis 4) The stars are motionless, they are at great distances from the Earth and form a sphere that limits the Universe.

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