What happened to the Universe this year? Astronomers have indicated the place of humanity in the universe. Modern understanding of the size of the observable universe.
Without a doubt, we don't know much about our Universe. In addition, now we have more clever theories about things unknown to us than real knowledge. But among those things that we already know, we can highlight these 10 amazing facts about the Universe.
1. It was very hot when she appeared
The Big Bang Theory- This is one of the versions of the origin of the Universe, widely accepted throughout the world. According to this theory, the temperature of the Universe at birth was millions of degrees Celsius or billions of Kelvin, and a second before birth it reached 10 billion Kelvin.
2. It cools down gradually
Today's Universe has a temperature of about 451 degrees Celsius or 2.725 Kelvin. Compared to the temperature at which it originated, we can confidently say that the temperature has dropped significantly.
3. Size of the Universe
Modern calculations have shown that the width of the Universe is 150 billion light years. Given the fact that it continues to expand, it can be assumed that it will become wider by another billion light years.
4. Age of the Universe
It is estimated that the age of the Universe is 13.7 billion years. However, this is mostly a guess and this number has a 1% chance of being accurate.
5. Structure of the Universe
There are a huge number of systems in the Universe, including filaments, super-clusters and groups of galaxies and clusters. Most of them are void spaces or outer space.
6.
Photo: Sweetie / flickr
Considering the fact that the earth is far from flat, this is definitely one of the most amazing facts about the universe. Based on Einstein's Theory of Relativity, there are three basic shapes of the Universe: open, closed and flat. Research by the WMAP space observatory has proven that the shape of the Universe is flat.
7. We can't see her completely
There are many aspects of the universe that we simply cannot penetrate. Although different wavelengths in the electromagnetic spectrum, such as radio waves, infrared and x-rays, and visible light, help us see more, there is still much that cannot be seen with the naked eye.
8. The Universe has no center
It seems to me that this amazing fact is difficult to understand. Many people imagine a big explosion, and the epicenter of the explosion will be the center of the Universe, but in reality this is not the case.
9. Parts of the Universe are moving away from each other
The universe is expanding, and all its parts are moving away from each other. For example, even the Moon is moving away from the Earth at a speed of 3 cm per year.
10. Comparison with ultra-small structures
The teaching believes that in order to understand all the secrets of the Universe, a deep study of smaller structures, smaller in size than an atom, is necessary.
I hope these 10 amazing facts about our universe give you another reason to appreciate the place we live in and of which we are a part. The universe is much larger than we can imagine. And there are many more of her mysteries that will forever remain a mystery to us.
In two weeks, 2016 will end, and it seems that the solar system, galaxy and universe have not changed at all after a year, writes the online publication “” with reference to hi-news.ru.
We have completed one more orbit around the Sun, but there were more than 4.5 billion. And although we might have noticed some major events that happen in the Universe every year, namely:
arrival of comets,
the beauty of meteor shower,
twinkling of the nearest star,
destructive supernovae,
These are all just the most obvious changes.
Typically, we think of a year as a fairly long period of time. In human terms, a lot can happen in 365 days (or so). But compared to the Universe, which is 13.8 billion years old, a year is literally an instant. Seriously, if we were to compare the age of the universe to one year, it would be comparing a human life to 0.2 seconds. And even over such a short period as a year, subtle changes occur in our solar system, our galaxy and the universe, which add up to large, slow changes on enormous time scales.
The Earth's rotation has slowed down. Of course, you hardly noticed it. The time it takes for the Earth to rotate once around its axis - a day - is 14 nanoseconds more than what it took for such a rotation a year ago. But if you wait long enough, it increases. In four billion years, our rotation will slow down enough that we can eliminate leap years: there will be exactly 365 days in a year. It also follows from this that at the dawn of the solar system, the day on Earth was shorter: the Earth rotated in 6-8 hours, since the year consisted of more than a thousand days. But slow rotation is just the beginning.
The moon is farther this year than last year. Again, you're unlikely to notice it, but there is a fundamental conservation law that makes this necessary: the law of conservation of angular momentum. Imagine the Earth - Moon system: they rotate around their axes, while the Moon revolves around the Earth. If the Earth's rotation is slowing down, this means that something needs to balance this loss. This something is the Moon orbiting the Earth: the Moon moves away to preserve the system. Over the course of a year, you, of course, will not notice this removal even with the help of a sophisticated laser - the difference in the orbit of the Moon amounts to centimeters per year. But eventually, when 650 million years pass, there will no longer be such a thing as a total solar eclipse, since the Moon will be far enough away that even perfectly aligned solar eclipses will be annular at best.
The sun is hotter than it was a year ago. But only on average, please note, since the variations of the Sun are even greater than the overall warming effect. They certainly cannot add to the overall warming that the Earth is experiencing, as the Sun's luminosity increases per year by about five billionths of a percent, 0.0000000005%. Enough time will pass and it will become noticeable. You see, the Sun converts matter into energy, losing approximately 10 17 kg of mass per year according to Einstein's formula E = mc 2. As the sun burns fuel, it gets hotter and begins to burn fuel faster, leading to an overall increase in energy output. In two billion years, the Sun will be hot enough to boil Earth's oceans and end life as we know it. Eventually, global warming caused by the Sun will end us all.
And all this is only in our solar system; the galaxy and everything beyond it has also changed in a year.
A new star was born in our galaxy, slightly smaller than the Sun.. In the Milky Way, new stars are constantly forming in nebulae, resulting in clusters of young stars. Our current rate of star formation is - to the best of our limited knowledge - 0.68 solar masses per year in our galaxy. This is, of course, an average: one star of 100 solar masses can form in a hundred years, or five tiny stars in one year. In reality, star formation occurs gradually and takes millions of years. But on average, we get a new star slightly less massive than the Sun every year.
We have added several chances for a supernova explosion in our galaxy. We are accustomed to thinking that supernovae are very rare events, because the last ones we saw were Tycho's supernova in 1572 and two Keplers in 1604, which astronomers saw with the naked eye. But we've since found others that exploded in succession in our galaxy, including Cassiopeia in the late 1600s and Sagittarius in the late 1800s. It is now known, from observations of other galaxies, that our galaxy should contain four times as many Type Ia supernovae and that we expect two to seven supernovae every century. However, this has not been fully confirmed. The expectation percentage could be much higher, and even if we don't see all the supernovae, there is a chance that there were some, one even last year. The chances are higher every year.
And on the scale of the Universe...
The Universe is colder this year than last year. The afterglow of the Big Bang is terribly cold: just 2.725 K above absolute zero. Yet this temperature only developed after 13.8 billion years of cooling; before that, it was high enough to ionize atoms, break apart nuclei, and even prevent quarks and gluns from forming individual protons and neutrons. This cooling and expansion will continue until it reaches absolute zero. In a year we are unlikely to notice the difference, but water wears away stones. A few more decades of the Universe - and we will no longer know that the cosmic microwave background ever existed.
20,000 stars have become unattainable for us. Dark energy continues to gain power and increase the expansion of the Universe, accelerating the retreat of distant galaxies. Somewhere around 15 billion light years away, these galaxies are moving away from us faster than the light we emit can travel. Of all the observed galaxies in the Universe, 97% have become lost to us forever. But the remaining 3% are not just huddling nearby, they are also running away faster and faster. With each passing year, 20,000 new stars that were reachable (at the speed of light) became unreachable. The longer we delay traveling to the stars, the less we have to visit.
The life of the Universe may be long, and the year may be short in the grand scheme of things, but still everything flows, everything changes. If we look close enough and accurately enough, we too can feel the passage of time. Not only here, in our home world, but also in the solar system, galaxy, universe somewhere out there.
Humanity occupies a very modest place not only in the Universe, but also in its home galaxy - the Milky Way. Astronomer Adam Grossman recently pointed out its location to us in his blog - a small yellow dot. The diameter of this point is only 240 light years - really tiny compared to the entire galactic spiral, whose diameter is more than 100 thousand light years.
The dot, or as Grossman called it, the “Bubble of Humanity,” is a sphere whose boundary is the first radio transmission. Radio was invented in 1895. Since then, science has known that artificial electromagnetic signals fly through space in all directions at the speed of light. The sphere filled with these signals expands at the same speed. It occupies areas where someone can hear them (the signals), or at least understand that they are picking up something artificial. If, of course, there - in the worlds inside the sphere - there is a corresponding invention like a radio. Not to mention the radio telescope. Since the “Bubble of Humanity” has so far inflated by a little more than 200 light years, the worlds located further away are unlikely to know about our intelligent existence.
No one has responded to our “request” yet. At least scientists have not yet caught anything encouraging - neither alien radio transmissions, nor at least some artificial signals. Maybe there are no suitable aliens in our “bubble”? Asking himself this question, Adam Grossman reported that he felt very lonely. We live in this “bubble” 240 light years in size.
Seth Shostak, director of the program for searching for signals from extraterrestrial civilizations, believes that it is too late to hide. After all, the “Bubble of Humanity” is actually not so small. Radio waves from Earth, propagating since the beginning of the era of radio broadcasting, have “washed” more than 6 thousand star systems. And every day, signals from human civilization reach at least one new system.
It is unlikely that aliens - even the most advanced ones - listen to earthly radio or watch our television. With distance, the “broadcast” is greatly distorted. But they can recognize it as an artificial source and detect its coordinates. According to the scientist, technology, which is one hundred and two hundred years ahead of human technology, is capable of this. In other words, we have already given away our location. And we will continue to issue, even after “silencing”.
Shostak’s opinion is shared by the chief researcher at the Institute of Radio Engineering and Electronics of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Doctor of Physical and Mathematical Sciences Alexander Zaitsev.
“I don’t think that earthlings need to hide from anyone,” he believes. – If we assume that there is a powerful aggressive civilization, noticeably ahead of us in development, then you cannot hide from it. And if their technology is so developed that they can attack Earth, it means that they have long detected radio waves - for example, our satellite television - and know everything about us.
On the other hand, if somewhere there is a civilization comparable in level of development to us, then by establishing radio contact with it, we do not risk anything. Neither our nor their technology is capable of flying from one star to another in a short enough time.
Disputes on this topic have not subsided for many decades. We invite you to familiarize yourself with a completely unique, and at the same time, detailed and substantiated hypothesis regarding life in the Universe and the history of mankind in the books of A. Novykh (click on the quote below and you can download the entire book)
Read more about this in the books of Anastasia Novykh
(click on the quote to download the entire book for free):But what, there are higher forms of life? - Andrey asked, obviously trying to learn more from Sensei on this issue.
Certainly. There are higher forms of life. But they do not concern our topic today. Let's just say that there is plenty of diversity of life forms in the Universe. As for the humanoid life form, it is quite young. It exists in the Universe by earthly standards for only some four hundred million years. This is not so much in cosmic terms. In general, in our galaxy, a humanoid life form appeared sixty-four million one hundred fourteen thousand six hundred ninety-four years ago (64,114,694). Today, there are over one hundred and forty billion active galaxies, and less than one hundred billion planets inhabited by humanoids. In our Solar System, human-like life appeared one million two hundred and fifty-two thousand seven hundred and fifty-eight years ago (1,252,758). And the first planet in our solar system that was inhabited by humanoids was Phaethon, and much later the Earth.
Just think, a hundred billion planets inhabited by people! - Victor said admiringly. - And we still believe that our Universe is deserted. We are still arguing whether there is life in the Universe or whether we are the only “geeks”. It’s just that after so many years of instilling loneliness, it’s somehow hard to believe that we, it turns out, are not alone.
What about our unanswered radio signals into space? - Zhenya said, not without a bit of humor.
Radio signals? - Sensei grinned. - Well, here's a simple example for you. In 1974, a radio message was sent from the Arecibo Observatory in the direction of the globular star cluster M13, which is in the constellation Hercules, since it contains about a million stars similar to the Sun, and naturally, there are various forms of life. But this signal will get there only after twenty-five thousand years, if you count from the day of launch. But due to the expansion of the Universe, by the time the signal reaches that place, that globular cluster will no longer be there, since it will have long ago moved to another place. This is the first thing. Secondly. Our current civilization has existed for about twelve thousand years, and today we know practically little about the first millennia of its existence. Valuable knowledge has been lost due to human greed and stupidity, megalomania and, as a result, constant wars for the main idea of the Animal nature - to individually own and control the entire world. What do you think, will this humanity even exist in twenty-five thousand years if its majority will be people with the ambitions of the Animal nature?
Moreover, humanoids belong to temporary types of civilizations that are quickly lost. After all, man, because of his Animal nature, is initially set up for self-destruction. On the scale of humanoid civilization, this stimulus of the Animal nature manifests itself in self-destruction and the elimination of each other. From the pitiful remnants, an update is again taking place from scratch, and history repeats itself.
- Anastasia NOVIKH Sensei IV
Incredible facts
Have you ever wondered how big the Universe is?
8. However, this is nothing compared to the Sun.
Photo of the Earth from space
9. And this view of our planet from the moon.
10. This is us from the surface of Mars.
11. And this view of the Earth behind the rings of Saturn.
12. And this is the famous photograph" Pale blue dot", where the Earth is photographed from Neptune, from a distance of almost 6 billion kilometers.
13. Here is the size Earth compared to the Sun, which doesn’t even fit completely into the photo.
Biggest star
14. And this Sun from the surface of Mars.
15. As the famous astronomer Carl Sagan once said, in space more stars than grains of sand on all the beaches of the Earth.
16. There are many stars that are much larger than our Sun. Just look how tiny the Sun is.
Photo of the Milky Way galaxy
18. But nothing can compare to the size of the galaxy. If you reduce The sun to the size of a leukocyte(white blood cell), and shrink the Milky Way Galaxy using the same scale, the Milky Way would be the size of the United States.
19. This is because the Milky Way is simply huge. That's where the solar system is inside it.
20. But we see only very much a small part of our galaxy.
21. But even our galaxy is tiny compared to others. Here Milky Way compared to galaxy IC 1011, which is located 350 million light years from Earth.
22. Think about it, in this photograph taken by the Hubble telescope, thousands of galaxies, each containing millions of stars, each with their own planets.
23. Here is one of galaxy UDF 423, located 10 billion light years away. When you look at this photograph, you are looking billions of years into the past. Some of these galaxies formed several hundred million years after the Big Bang.
24. But remember that this photo is very, a very small part of the universe. It's just an insignificant part of the night sky.
25. We can quite confidently assume that somewhere there is black holes. Here's the size of the black hole compared to Earth's orbit.
