Culture of Kievan Rus presentation 10th grade MHC. Presentation on the Moscow Art Theater on the topic "artistic culture of Kievan Rus." Questions to reinforce the material

Slide 4

Before the adoption of Orthodoxy, pagan Rus' worshiped many gods. Baptism of Rus' in 988 It gave a powerful impetus to the development of artistic culture.

Slide 5

Questions to the text “Adoption of Christianity in Rus'”:

1. Name the reasons why Rus' accepts Orthodox (Byzantine) Christianity.
2. What is the significance of the adoption of Christianity for the development of Russian culture.
3. How did the process of acceptance of Christianity by the people take place?

Slide 6

• dome
• drum
• zakomara
• apse
• pillar
• Aisle
• Aisle
• Central nave
• Construction of a cross-domed church.

Slide 7

One of the oldest stone structures in Kyiv was the Church of the Tithes, erected in 989 - 996. In honor of the Blessed Virgin Mary.

Reconstruction

Slide 8

Kyiv Sofia

The oldest architectural structure that has reached us is the St. Sophia Cathedral (built between 1017 - 1037).

This temple was built during the reign of Yaroslav the Wise with the help of Greek craftsmen.

Slide 9

The cathedral was made of red brick alternating with pink cement.

Slide 10

The multi-domed structure is a distinctive feature of the St. Sophia Cathedral. One large and twelve smaller domes symbolize Christ and his twelve disciples.

Slide 11

The abundance of spans and arches of various types is an essential feature of the premises of the St. Sophia Cathedral.

Slide 12

The spans and arches seem to “rhyme” with each other, grow, widen and end in the vast space under the dome with a huge triumphal arch framing the altar.

Slide 13

Inside the building, the dome was perceived not as the largest volume, but as the highest space, as the main source of light.

Slide 14

Inside the cathedral, high in the center under the dome itself, Christ Pantocrator (Pantocrator) is depicted.

Slide 15

The grandiose figure of Our Lady Oranta (praying), raising her hands to her Divine Son in prayer for the human race, is located in the apse.

Slide 16

Eucharist

Slide 17

Above the altar, as a prototype of the liturgy taking place in the temple, it is depicted how the apostles with outstretched hands approach the altar; Christ gives them wine and bread.

Slide 18

Slide 19

The main images of the St. Sophia Cathedral are made in mosaics and are concentrated in the central, most ceremonial and bright part of the temple. The range of subjects gave an idea of ​​the Christian doctrine, clearly expressing the understanding of the heavenly hierarchy as a similarity to the earthly hierarchy.

Slide 20

The mosaics depicting the church fathers are distinguished by their exceptional subtlety of colorful shades. Radiant colors bring something bright to these strict images.

Slide 21

• Christ the Priest
• Our Lady

Slide 22

• Gregory the Wonderworker
• Gregory of Nyssa

Slide 23

Archangel

Slide 24

The purpose of the lesson: reveal the features of the formation of the artistic culture of Kievan Rus on ancient Russian monuments - the Hagia Sophia Cathedral in Kyiv and the Hagia Sophia Cathedral in Veliky Novgorod.

Lesson objectives: identify the most important features of Old Russian art, show the closest connection with pagan culture, the traditions of Byzantine culture, which clearly entered medieval Rus', grasp the main features of Old Russian architecture, get acquainted with the art of icon painting of the 11th-12th centuries, develop students’ ability to vividly and imaginatively perceive and evaluate works of art , select interesting material from different sources.

EPIGRAPH OF THE LESSON

Keeping the history of that...Kievan Rus,

We collect the true faith... fragments,

It’s already the eleventh century... we have to bear the cross

May God grant that Orthodox descendants will help...

DURING THE CLASSES

(A musical excerpt from“Frescoes of Sophia of Kyiv” by V. Kikta)

Teacher: Under the year 1037, the chronicler wrote “Yaroslav laid down the great city, it has golden gates: lay down the church of St. Sophia...”. Indeed, Yaroslav built a new stone main city gate and called it Golden. Yaroslav built the Church of the Annunciation above the Golden Gate. He built the main city Cathedral of Hagia Sophia, which he decorated with gold, silver, and icons. Tell me, what city did the prince rebuild? (KYIV). What do you think we will talk about in class today? (ARTISTIC CULTURE OF KIEVAN RUS)SLIDE 1

But before we begin our fascinating journey through Kievan Rus, let's outline the most important features of ancient Russian art.SLIDE 2

2. Canonicity . (Art was expressed in traditionally repeated plots, images, and means of artistic generalization. Each of the arts had its own set of canonical rules.)

3. Symbolism . (The most striking feature of the special artistic language of ancient Russian art. With the help of symbols (signs), masters revealed images of heavenly spiritual reality, which is hidden from the eyes of people living on earth).

Over the course of several lessons we will talk about the artistic culture of Medieval Rus'. The period of its existence spans over eight centuries. Its countdown begins from the middle of the 9th century and ends at the turn of the 17th-18th centuries. Russian culture has its roots in the distant times of paganism. She inherited from the ancient Slavsthe fundamental principles of the language, rich mythology, the art of carving all sorts of fancy figures and household items from wood, cutting down huts and erecting towers.

Played a huge role in the formation and development of ancient Russian artAdoption Christianity from Byzantium in 988 . Baptized Rus', together with religion, inherited rich artistic traditions: stone architecture,type of cross-domed church , mosaic and fresco compositions in the spaces of architectural structures, stricticonography rules (canon), marvelous chants , which are compared to angelic singing. The first teachers of Russians were Greeks. But that doesn't mean thatOld Russian culture blindly imitated the Byzantine, shebrought something yours , originally Russian. For example, architects introduced features of national architecture into the overseas style, originating from the wooden architecture of Rus', which is characterized by the majestic simplicity and elegant decorativeness of churches.

The Old Russian state with its center in Kyiv reached its highest prosperity under the reign ofYaroslav the Wise (978-1054). Large-scale construction began, especially in Kyiv. The most famous building that becameHagia Sophia (1037). SLIDE 3

There were two people in your classproblem groups , who will try to vividly present material about the Hagia Sophia in Kyiv and Novgorod. And we will all try to create together"Living Newspaper" the material of which will allow you to learn interesting intriguing facts on the topic being studied. During our lesson, please fill out comparative cards - characteristics of two magnificent cathedrals (cards are distributed to students)

The first problem group makes a presentation about the Hagia Sophia in Kyiv

SLIDE 4

1. A huge five-nave cross-domed church with 5 altar apses and 13 domes, covered on three sides by wide galleries, in the corners on the western side there are two staircase towers leading to the choir. The total area of ​​the cathedral is about 1300 m 2 ., height to the top of the main dome is 28.6 m, total length - 41.7 m, width - 54.6 m. The walls were elegantly laid out from plinth (flat red brick) using a technique with a recessed row interspersed with untreated stone. The masonry was held together with cement - a solution of lime, sand and crushed brick. Divine services were held in the cathedral, sermons were heard, and princes were enthroned. The temple was illuminated by long slit-like windows cut into the drums of the thirteen domes. Subsequently, the cathedral underwent a thorough reconstruction.

2. The mosaic of St. Sophia of Kyiv is of particular artistic value. She is admired for her magnificence. The mosaic occupies 260 m 2 . According to the canon, in the central dome SLIDE 5 mosaic of Christ Pantocrator (Almighty), and around him are the figures of four archangels. Currently, one of them is mosaic, and the other three, in place of the lost ones, were painted by the artist M.A. Vrubel with oil paints.

In the central apse there is mosaic image of Our Lady Oranta (Praying) with her arms raised wide. The Mother of God is dressed in festive blue and gold clothes, her hand gesture is perceived not only as an image of prayer, but also as the personification of the intercession of the baptized people, the protection of the city and the state. The people called Our Lady Oranta the Unbreakable Wall and believed that as long as Oranta remained intact, Kyiv, “the mother of Russian cities,” would stand. Also in the temple you can see the mosaic work “Annunciation. Mary", "Annunciation. Archangel Gabriel"

3. The frescoes of Sophia of Kyiv amaze with the perfection of their execution technique. SLIDE 6 The images of the apostles, archangels, evangelists and holy warriors look majestically and solemnly from the arches of the walls, domes, and staircases. The area of ​​the frescoes covers 3000 m2. Very interesting among them is the group portrait of the family of Prince Yaroslav the Wise, placed on three walls of the western part of the central nave. Previously, it depicted the Grand Duke with his wife, sons and daughters, handing over a model of St. Sophia Cathedral to Jesus Christ, seated in the center on a throne. At present, only the image of the prince's daughters humbly walking with candles in their hands has been preserved. On the walls of Hagia Sophia you can see the frescoes “The Descent into Hell”, “The Archangel”, “The Meeting of Righteous Elizabeth with the Blessed Virgin Mary”. Also in the cathedral there are frescoes with scenes of the daily life of princes: noisy feasts, dances, hunting, fights, bear baiting, circus performances with the participation of buffoons, acrobats, and mummers. SLIDE 7 Fresco "Buffoons".

4. Monumentality, laconicism, majesty, and the common character of the image are observed in the early icons of the 11th-12th centuries. The masters who created them were immigrants from Byzantium, from whom Russian craftsmen adopted experience. SLIDE 8 The 12th century icons “Savior Not Made by Hands” and “Golden Hair Angel” are made in the traditions of Kievan Rus. They have less traceable ascetic severity and restraint, which was inherent in Byzantine icons.

SLIDE 9

Teacher:

I suggest you startdesign of the “Living Newspaper” interesting facts about Sophia of Kyiv (students read out their findings and attach them to the newspaper)SLIDE 10

Velikiy Novgorod was the second most important city in Kievan Rus, the residence of the heirs to the grand ducal throne.Novgorod art from the moment of his birthharmonized with the strict and solemn appearance of the Russian North and was distinguished by its bright originality. The characteristic features of Novgorod architecture were mixed masonry from local stone and plinths, single- and five-domed bulbous and helmet-shaped domes, decorative decoration of drums, splendor and splendor of interiors.

The second problem group makes a presentation about the Hagia Sophia in Novgorod.

SLIDE 11

1. St. Sophia Cathedral in Novgorod was built, as is known, in 1045-50. At least 10 thousand cubic meters of stone and brick were used to build the St. Sophia Cathedral. At the same time, the main mass of the walls is made of stones of local origin. Brick was used to cover the vaults.SLIDE 12The height of Sophia from the floor level to the cross on the central dome is 36.7 m, width – 39.3 m, length 34.5 m. A five-nave cross-domed church with five helmet-shaped asymmetrically located domes, closely grouped in the center. The uneven surfaces of the walls, cut through by windows in the form of narrow slits without frames, were perceived as a solid, impenetrable stone mass. The walls of the temple in the 12th century were whitewashed, which gave the building integrity, massiveness, and strength. The appearance of the cathedral was distinguished by its simplicity, severity and asymmetry of forms.

2. Very little fresco painting has survived in Sofia Novgorod. SLIDE 13Above the western entrance to the cathedral there is a fresco with an area of ​​70 m 2 , completed in 1528. Painted on the wall are Abraham’s conversation with three angels, below Sophia, the Wisdom of God, and the Image of the Savior Not Made by Hands, and on the sides are two archangels. The original painting survived only in the central part. In the 1890s, the fresco was restored. SLIDE 14In the central dome of the temple there was a unique fresco “Christ Pantocrator”. It was destroyed in 1941 (historical summary from the Living Newspaper).

3. Iconography. SLIDE 15The icon of the Holy Apostles Peter and Paul from the Hagia Sophia impressed with its dimensions of 236 x 150 cm. and an elegant silver frame. The apostles are depicted in full growth, with their inherent attributes (Paul with a book, Peter with the keys to paradise, a scroll and a staff - a symbol of power).

(Students continue to fill out the Living Newspaper columns with exciting material) SLIDE 16

Teacher:Having listened to very succinct information about the Hagia Sophia Cathedrals in Kyiv and Novgorod, I ask you to prepare cards with characteristics of two monuments of ancient Russian art for comparative analysis. What do their characteristics have in common? How are they significantly different from each other?

(Students draw conclusions according to the completed cards) APPENDIX No. 1

At the end of our lesson, I would like to ask each of you what new you learned today, what information intrigued you, would you like to visit Kyiv and Novgorod to see these shrines, etc.

(At the end of the lesson, fragments from “Frescoes of Sophia of Kyiv” by V. Kikta. Students read the poem “Kievan Rus” by Zhanna Kosinova)

I'm praying for you again

Holy Kievan Rus.

There is no sweeter land for me,

Than my native side,

Where near the Dnieper, like a lush garden,

Stands the mighty Kyiv-Grad.

Where the greenery is noisily having fun,

Playing with the wind. Where to frolic

Barefoot children, and a song flows along the Dnieper.

On the gold of the Lavra domes,

To merge with the ringing of bells,

And finally, go down

Under the Temple canopy, where they put candles,

And the whisper of old Russian speech

It accidentally comes out of your mouth,

And the incense smoke rises

Those words are prayer clouds.

Hear them, God Almighty!

Oh, holy Rus'! So that always

You shone like a bright star,

And she glorified Orthodoxy,

A lot of work has been put in

Human hopes and hopes,

Sacred prayers and suffering.

A lot of people died

For your glory and freedom.

And, it seemed, for hundreds of years

Your greatness and dawn...

Oh, Rus'! - I’ll ask you reproachfully,

Why are you broken by discord?!

Why does the prince say to the prince,

Why does the hour tell us to separate?!

And a formerly strong Power -

At the feet of the enemy. Where is the glory?

What a blind army of enemies

So made me tremble?!

The former cowards have become bold,

Bows and arrows are already ready,

To hit their hearts,

To take away their father from children,

And a son, so that his mother may lose,

To saturate the earth with blood.

Innocent blood... How to understand

Is your downfall to the end?

What is this? Providence of the Creator,

Or the mistake of our ancestors?

But everything is in the past. Drink the Chalice.

Don't ask for an answer

Why do I pray again in the night?

By the light of a wax candle

About something that is long gone.

You better put it out in your heart

Sadness about Kievan Rus.

APPENDIX No. 1

Card - characteristics

Cathedrals of Hagia Sophia in Kyiv and Novgorod

Characteristic

Saint Sophia of Kyiv

Saint Sophia of Novgorod

Cultural and historical era. Century.

Artistic culture of medieval Rus'. 11th-12th century

Location of the architectural object

Kievan Rus.

Kyiv

Kievan Rus.

Novgorod

Belonging to the type of architecture (volumetric structures, landscape, urban planning)

Volumetric structures

Volumetric structures

Temple type

five-nave cross-domed church with 5 altar apses

Five-nave cross-domed church

Number and shape of domes

13 chapters, bulbous

Five-headed, helmet-shaped

Cathedral height

Height to the top of the main dome 28.6 m

The height of Sofia from floor level to the cross on the central dome is 36.7 m.

Cathedral length

total length - 41.7 m

length 34.5 m

Cathedral width

width – 54m

width – 39.3 m

Artistic means and techniques for creating an architectural image (symmetry, proportions, chiaroscuro, color modeling, material that formed the basis, etc.)

A large-scale, grandiose structure. The walls are elegantly laid out from plinth using the technique with recessed stone interspersed next to it. The masonry was held together with cement - a solution of lime, sand and crushed brick. The temple was illuminated by long slit-like windows cut into the drums of the thirteen domes. There is an asymmetry in the arrangement of chapters. Subsequently, the cathedral underwent a thorough reconstruction.

The appearance of the cathedral was distinguished by its simplicity, severity and asymmetry of forms. The main mass of the walls is made of stones of local origin. Brick was used to cover the vaults. Asymmetrically located domes, closely grouped in the center. Uneven surfaces of the walls, cut through by windows in the form of narrow slits without frames. The temple is perceived as a solid, impenetrable mass of stone. The walls of the temple in the 12th century were whitewashed, which gave the building integrity, massiveness, and strength.

Outstanding ruler of ancient Russian history, Prince of KievYaroslav the Wise passed away in1054 year. He was buried, apparently in accordance with his last will, inside Hagia Sophia, in a sarcophagus specially created for burial. This stone sarcophagus is still in its place. However, the remains of Yaroslav have not been in the tomb for several decades - during the Great Patriotic War they were taken overseas by Ukrainian nationalists. Their exact location is unknown.

Until recently, historians argued among themselves which date should be considered the year of the creation of Hagia Sophia: 1017 or 1037. At the end of the 20th century, employees of the Sophia of Kiev Museum proposed a new dating: 1011. The Ukrainian government supported the point of view that ancientized the history of the temple, and in September 2011, celebrations dedicated to the 1000th anniversary of the historical monument were held in Kyiv.

Thus, the controversy surrounding the founding date of Hagia Sophia is not only unresolved, but has intensified even further. And the official proclamation of the 1000th anniversary of this historical monument only added fuel to the fire.

In 1929, cathedral prayer in St. Sophia of Kyiv ceased for a long time. Since 1934, Hagia Sophia has become a museum - and it remains so today. The cathedral is included in the UNESCO World Heritage List; it is prohibited to transfer it to any religious organization and to hold services in it. True, in the mid-2000s there was an exception: for several years in a row, on Independence Day, a prayer for Ukraine was performed in Sofia of Kyiv.

The head of the Kyiv Metropolis, Macarius, was killed in 1497 during a Tatar raid. The relics of the Holy Saint were placed in Hagia Sophia, after which numerous miracles were recorded, especially in 1625 and 1634. They say that in front of the iconostasis of the cathedral, where the saint rested, candles miraculously lit up, and light and fire emanated from his tomb. In 1934, the relics of the holy martyr were taken from Sofia - now they are in the Vladimir Cathedral in Kyiv.

Slide 2

• The basis of ancient Russian culture was the heritage of the Eastern Slavs.
• Old Russian culture absorbed the cultural achievements of the peoples living in Rus' and surrounding it.
• Byzantium had a great influence on Russian culture, especially after the adoption of Christianity.
• When creating their creations, ancient Russian masters did not blindly imitate their Byzantine teachers. They sought to reflect in them the thoughts and aspirations of the Russian people.

Features of the culture of Ancient Rus' IX-XII centuries.

Slide 3

V. Vasnetsov

• Vladimir's baptism
• Baptism of Rus'. 988

Slide 4

Baptism of Kiev residents in the Dnieper

Slide 5

The need to adopt a new religion is explained by:

The impossibility of reforming the old religion, since the pantheon of pagan gods did not lead to the unity of the cult, separated parts of the country.

Paganism did not express state unity, did not explain the validity of the dominance of princely power and the feudal elite, and did not have the idea of ​​reconciliation with the existing order.

• Catholicism
• Orthodoxy
• Islam
• Judaism

Reasons for choosing Orthodoxy:

• The socio-political structure of Byzantium, close to Rus'
• The spread of Christianity in Rus' to Prince Vladimir
• Deification of princely power in Orthodoxy
• Lush, majestic decoration of temples and beautiful services

Slide 6

• Strengthening the unity of the country and the central government
• The elimination of separatism of individual lands and the formation of all-Russian self-awareness
• Development of feudal relations
• Growing international prestige
• Development of culture (writing, icon painting, frescoes, stone architecture, schools)

The meaning of accepting Christianity

Prince Vladimir

Slide 7

Highlights of the Baptism of Rus'

Slide 8

• Cyril and Methodius
• Writing of Ancient Rus'

Slide 9

Glagolitic and Cyrillic

Slide 10

• Chronicler at work
• Nestor the Chronicler, reconstruction by anthropologists
• Birch bark letter

Slide 11

Literature of Ancient Rus'

• Sermons and teachings: “The Sermon on Law and Grace” by Hilarion (1049), “Teaching” by Vladimir Monomakh (1117), etc.
• Heroic epic: “The Tale of Igor’s Campaign” (after 1187)
• Journalism: “The Word” and “Prayer” by Daniil Zatochnik (beginning of the 13th century)
• Lives of Saints: “The Tale of Boris and Gleb”, “The Life of Theodosius” by Nestor
• Chronicles: “The Tale of Bygone Years” by Nestor (1113)
• From the XI-XII centuries. 80 books have reached us, 7 of which have an exact date of writing. The oldest of them was rewritten in 1056-1057. for the Novgorod mayor, the so-called "Ostromir Gospel".

Slide 12

Bylinas are poetic tales of the past, in which the exploits of Russian heroes were glorified.

Ilya Muromets

Nikitich

Alesha Popovich

Mikula Selyaninovich

Key ideas:

Liberating your land

Protecting the Russian land from enemies

Folk oral creativity

Slide 13

• Architecture of Ancient Rus'
• Kyiv in the 10th century Reconstruction

Slide 14

One of the few monuments of defense architecture of Kievan Rus during the reign of Yaroslav the Wise. The Golden Gate is a fortress tower with a wide (up to 7.5 m) passage. Powerful pilasters protrude into the passage, on which the arches of the vault rested. The height of the surviving walls reaches 9.5 meters. The gate was made of stone. They were built using the mixed masonry technique: layers of stones were interspersed with leveling rows of plinth.

Golden Gate. Kyiv 1037

The Gate is crowned by the Gate Church of the Annunciation, so that every traveler approaching Kyiv can see that this is a Christian city. During the restoration work, the gate church was recreated as a four-pillar, single-domed church with apses recessed into the thickness of the wall, which do not protrude from the overall volume of the facade. Brick ornaments, characteristic of the art of that period, were used as architectural decoration.

On the field side in front of the gate there was a ditch 15 meters wide and 8 meters deep.

Slide 15

Tithe Church in Kyiv 989-996.

Slide 16

• St. Sophia Cathedral was built according to the Byzantine model.
• The plan of the temple was based on a cross formed by the main and side naves.
• The central dome was surrounded by four medium domes located just below, behind which stood eight small ones even lower. Thus, the single-domed Byzantine temple was transformed into a multi-domed pyramid.

St. Sophia Cathedral in Kyiv 1017-1037.

Yaroslav the Wise

Slide 17

St. Sophia Cathedral in Kyiv. Modern look

Slide 18

Saint Sophie Cathedral

• Mosaic - a picture of glassy pebbles (smalt) pressed into damp plaster
• John Chrysostom. Mosaic of St. Sophia Cathedral in Kyiv
• Adrian is a saint. Fresco of St. Sophia Cathedral in Kyiv

Slide 19

Fresco – a painting painted with water paints on wet plaster

Saint Sophie Cathedral

Slide 20

The main Orthodox church of Veliky Novgorod, created in 1045-1050.

Sophia of Novgorod was built mainly from stone, and only the arches of the portals and window openings were made of brick, and the vaults in the interior were partly made of stone, partly of brick

Remains of the Golden Gate The main entrance to Kyiv was a gigantic architectural structure - a vaulted massif made of brick and stone. Two parallel walls, covered with a vault, formed a passage 25 m deep. The Gate Church of the Annunciation with a gilded dome crowned the structure. The two massive leaves of the central gate were bound with gilded copper, sparkling brightly in the sun. Most likely, this determined their name. At the bottom of the Golden Gate, under the church, there were storage facilities for valuables.

Hagia Sophia Cathedral is a cross-domed, five-nave, thirteen-domed temple, built after the victory of Yaroslav the Wise over the Pechenegs. It continues the traditions of ancient Slavic architecture with its pillar-shaped log houses, cages and golden-domed towers. The temple was not whitewashed, but brick and gray granite stone (plinfa) alternated with pink cement (a solution of lime, sand and crushed brick), which gave its walls a pleasing elegance. St. Sophia Cathedral in Kyiv. XI century (reconstruction).

Sofia of Kiev Twelve powerful cross-shaped pillars dissect the vast interior space of Sofia. Under the main dome, in a space flooded with light, sermons were delivered and solemn state ceremonies were performed, and the highest clergy gathered in the altar itself. Upstairs, in the choir, earthly rulers appeared: the prince and his entourage. Below, where the light turned into twilight, there was a crowd of people. Interior

Sophia of Kiev The abundance of spans and arches decorating the space of the temple created the impression of monumentality and splendor of its interior decoration. Numerous colorful frescoes and sparkling mosaics covering the dome space, walls, vaults and pillars from top to bottom, gave the temple a special pomp and solemnity. Interior

The architecture of Veliky Novgorod The Novgorod St. Sophia Cathedral in the form in which it was erected in the 12th century has not been preserved. At first it was single-domed, with a round dome and three apses. When the burnt cathedral was rebuilt, four more smaller ones were erected around the dome that was put in place of the old one. Side chapels began to be added to the temple on both sides.

MHK-10

Lesson No. 16-17

Art of Kievan Rus

D.Z.: Chapter 16, creative workshop back. 1.3 page 167

© A.I. Kolmakov

LESSON OBJECTIVES

• introduce the art of Kievan Rus;
• broaden your horizons and skills in analyzing works of art;
• to cultivate national consciousness and self-identification, respect for the culture of our ancestors, for their cultural heritage.

CONCEPTS, IDEAS

• iconography;
• icon;
• symbolism of the temple;
• Cathedral;
• cross-domed type of temple;
• paganism;
• plinth;
• temlyanka;
• choir;
• facade;
• 13- and 5-domed cathedrals

Universal learning activities

• explore the origins of Russian artistic culture; find characteristic features of ancient Russian art in modern artistic culture; create a model of one of the architectural structures of the Kievan Rus era in one of the artistic techniques; search for information about the architecture of Kievan Rus in various sources (dictionaries, reference books, encyclopedias, books on art history, monographs, the Internet, etc.); conduct a comparative analysis of the architectural appearance of the St. Sophia Cathedrals in Constantinople, Kyiv and Veliky Novgorod

LEARNING NEW MATERIAL

• Architecture of Kievan Rus.

Lesson assignment. What significance does the art of Kievan Rus have for World civilization and culture?

sub-questions

• The closest connection between the artistic culture of medieval Rus' and paganism and the most important historical events. Creative rethinking of the artistic traditions of Byzantium and Western Europe.
• Architecture of Kievan Rus. The main features of the architecture of Kievan Rus. Masterpieces of architecture. Architecture of Veliky Novgorod: characteristic features and masterpieces.

The closest connection between the artistic culture of medieval Rus' and paganism, Christianity and the most important historical events.

• The entire culture and art of medieval Rus', from the 10th century to the end of the 17th century. Inextricably linked by the church and the Christian faith, which the Russian people, following their Byzantine teachers, called Orthodox, i.e. correct

Architecture - a form of art,

which enters the sphere of spiritual culture, aesthetically shapes a person’s environment, expresses social ideas in artistic images.

Stone architecture,

which is related to

Christian Russia

Wooden architecture,

which goes back to

Pagan Rus'

Wooden architecture

• multi-tiered buildings
• crowning with turrets and towers
• the presence of various types of extensions - cages, passages, canopies
• artistic carving decoration

“Two Horsemen”. 11th-12th century. Fragment of decoration of St. Michael's Golden-Domed Monastery in Kyiv.

Stone architecture

• Construction of churches in the image and likeness of the cross-domed temple of the Greeks(a square dissected by four pillars forms its basis; rectangular cells adjacent to the dome space form a cross)

Church of the Assumption of the Virgin Mary

(Tithe Church).

986–996 Kyiv.

Architecture of Kievan Rus

• The first church built in Kyiv was dedicated to the Holy Mother of God and was popularly called the Tithe Church, because Prince Vladimir himself gave a tenth of his income for its maintenance and ordered all believers to do the same.

Architecture of Kievan Rus

• A new stage in the history of architecture of Kievan Rus is associated with the construction by Yaroslav the Wise of the most majestic and significant Russian temple - the St. Sophia Cathedral in Kyiv. (Sophia is the wisdom of God).

Architecture of Kievan Rus

• The eleventh century is called the century of the Three Sophias. At the same time, one after another, the churches of St. Sophia were built in Novgorod and Polotsk. Although they were built on the model of the “big sister,” local construction features transformed them beyond recognition.

Architecture of Kievan Rus

• Three Sophias of Kyiv, Novgorod, Polotsk (plans) with 12 cross and internal pillars (highlighted in black) - symbols of the 12 Apostles - the pillars of the church.

St. Sophia Cathedral is a combination of Slavic and Byzantine traditions.

Hagia Sophia Cathedral in Kiev-

monument of ancient Russian architecture,

the main thing is church and public

building of Kievan Rus. Founded in 1037. Initially, the cathedral was a cross-domed church with thirteen chapters. The walls of the temple were made of red bricks - plinths , gray granite stone and pink cement mortar - a mixture of lime, sand and crushed brick.

St. Sophia Cathedral in Novgorod

St. Sophia Cathedral in Novgorod – monument of ancient Russian architecture; built in 1045 - 1050 under Prince Vladimir Yaroslavich in Detinets - the central fortified part of the city on the higher, left bank of the Volkhov. It was built on the model of Sophia of Kyiv. Circular porches and a staircase tower with an additional chapter in the southern part of the western porch expand the space of the cathedral. The cathedral was built mainly from stone.

St. Sophia Cathedrals in Polotsk and Chernigov.

St. Sophia Cathedral in

Chernigov

Saint Sophia Cathedral

in Polotsk

Golden Gate in Kyiv.

Golden Gate- a fortress tower with a wide (7.5 m) passage. They were intended for a solemn, ceremonial entry into the capital from the south. Due to their significance, they were made of stone. They were built using the mixed masonry technique, which was widely used in ancient Rome.

Layers of stones were interspersed with leveling rows plinths (brick ) linked tsemlyaka. At the gate there was a battle platform with several rows of loopholes. The Golden Gate was crowned by the gate church of the Annunciation. The Golden Gate has not survived. They were recreated in 1982 according to the restoration project of I. Lopushanskaya and S. Vysotsky.

The Three Sophias turned into three “cornerstones” of Holy Rus', laid in the 10th-11th centuries by St. Olga, St. Vladimir, wise Yaroslav in Kyiv, Polotsk, Novgorod.

The Holy and Wise temple builders obviously believed and hoped that “Wisdom” would forever contribute to the unity of the Russian people, the integrity of the Russian land, the Russian Orthodox Church.

Icon (cf. Greek “image”, “image”) - in Christianity (mainly in Orthodoxy, Catholicism and ancient Eastern churches) a sacred image of persons or events of biblical or church history

The fine arts of medieval Rus' are represented mainly by icon painting. An icon is a sacred image of Jesus Christ, the Mother of God, saints, angels, and events of sacred history. According to the teachings of the church, an icon is a visible symbolic image of God.

The most famous icon painters of medieval Rus' were Theophanes the Greek, Andrei Rublev, Simon Ushakov, who not only created icons, but also painted churches.

First books

The first books created in Rus' were handwritten and date back to the end of the 9th century. Books in Rus' have always been considered of great value. They were cherished and decorated with priceless paintings and miniatures, precious metals and semi-precious stones.

The art of medieval Rus'

• God-man
• Faith
• The church, for the maintenance of which Prince Vladimir gave a tenth of his income.
• “ God's wisdom"
• Material for creating mosaics.
• A panel made of colored glass and semi-precious stones.
• The most enduring art form.
• The name of a Greek artist who lived in Russia and worked in the icon painting genre.
• The main genre of fine art of medieval Rus'.
• What does the burgundy cloak of the Virgin Mary symbolize?
• The capital of Rus' in the 10th century.
• Varnish used to cover icons.

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• You can use the presentation template: Shumarina Vera Alekseevna, teacher of GKS(K)OU S(K)OSH No. 11 VIII kind. Balashov. Website: http :// pedsovet.su /