Introduction 3
General information about the rules of speech communication 4
Conclusion 12
References 13

Introduction
Business communication is historical in nature and at various stages of historical development is regulated by the ethical standards existing in a particular society. Depending on how a person understands moral norms, what content he puts into them and to what extent he takes them into account in communication, he can make it effective, achieve his goals, or make this communication very difficult. In the practice of business relations there are a lot of standard situations for which forms and rules of behavior are developed. The ability to communicate and achieve mutual understanding in the process of performing professional functions is the most important condition for high labor efficiency in any area of ​​production and, especially, in situations of business interaction. Of great importance here is the logical construction and argumentation of your point of view, mastery of speech culture. Culture is a code that every society, every people carries. Business culture involves the development of relationships in a business environment. Business communication is based on established national traditions and corporate culture. Bowing in Japan is as natural as shaking hands firmly when meeting in European countries. The Japanese do not accept any external contacts in business communication - a pat on the shoulder, wide hugs, a handshake. Asian and European business communication cultures are diametrically opposed in some respects. When negotiating with foreigners, all these features are taken into account in advance. This is also part of business culture. According to etiquette, speech itself, as the basis of business communication, does not involve gross mistakes, neologisms and slang words. The speech should be short, understandable to the interlocutor, that is, accessible, logical and accurate.
In modern society, the number of people visiting different countries is large and growing all the time, and there is a convergence of customs, morals and etiquette. Almost all things begin, are carried out and are completed with the help of verbal interactions between people. Here we will consider business conversations, negotiations and disputes, as well as telephone communication as a special type of verbal communication. Regulatory business communication is a form of implementation of joint socially significant activities of people in the political, legal and moral spheres of society. It is carried out by business partners as a mutual exchange of political, legal and moral knowledge, ideas, and perceptions. Through regulatory business communication, the socialization of business partners is carried out, their assimilation of political, legal, moral norms, values, and traditions. The most important structural component of business communication is the purpose of communication, which characterizes the focus of the actions of business partners on solving any socially significant problem.
1. The concept of business communication
Business communication is a complex, multifaceted process of developing contacts between people in the professional sphere. Its participants act in official capacities and are focused on achieving goals and specific tasks.
Communication as interaction presupposes that people establish contact with each other, exchange certain information in order to build joint activities and cooperation. For communication as interaction to occur smoothly, it must consist of the following stages:
· establishing contact (acquaintance). Involves understanding another person, introducing oneself to another person;
· orientation in a communication situation, comprehension of what is happening, pausing;
· discussion of the problem of interest;
· solution to the problem;
· ending the contact (exiting it).
Official contacts should be built on a partnership basis, based on mutual requests and needs, and on the interests of the business. Undoubtedly, such cooperation increases labor and creative activity and is an important factor in the technological process of production and business.
2. Types of business communication
2.1 Oral and written business communication
Based on the method of information exchange, a distinction is made between oral and written business communication. Oral types of business communication, in turn, are divided into monological and dialogical. Monologue types include:
· greeting speech;
· sales speech (advertising);
· informational speech;
· report (at a meeting, meeting).
Dialogical types:
· business conversation - short-term contact, mainly on one topic;
· business conversation - a lengthy exchange of information and points of view, often accompanied by decision-making.
· negotiations - discussion with the aim of concluding an agreement on any issue;
· interview - a conversation with a journalist intended for print, radio, television;
· discussion (dispute);
· meeting (meeting);
· press conference;
· contact business conversation - direct, “live” dialogue;
· telephone conversation (distant), excluding non-verbal communication.
In direct contact and face-to-face conversation, oral and nonverbal communications are of greatest importance. Conversation or sending messages by telephone are the most common forms of communication; they are distinguished by direct contact and a wide variety of communication methods, which makes it possible to easily combine the business (formal) and personal (informal) parts of any message.
Written types of business communication are numerous official documents: business letter, protocol, report, certificate, report and explanatory note, act, statement, agreement, charter, regulation, instruction, decision, order, instruction, order, power of attorney, etc. By content communication can be divided into:
· material - exchange of objects and products of activity;
· cognitive - exchange of knowledge;
· motivational - exchange of motivations, goals, interests, motives, needs;
· activity - exchange of actions, operations, abilities, skills.
By means of communication it is possible to divide into the following four types:
· direct - carried out with the help of natural organs given to a living being: arms, head, torso, vocal cords, etc.;
· indirect - associated with the use of special means and tools;
· direct - involves personal contacts and direct perception of communicating people by each other in the very act of communication;
· indirect - carried out through intermediaries, who can be other people.
We will look in detail at business conversations, disputes, negotiations and telephone conversations.
2.2 Business conversation, its types and its structural organization
A business conversation is a conversation primarily between two interlocutors; accordingly, its participants can and should take into account the specific characteristics of each other’s personality, motives, speech characteristics, i.e. communication is largely interpersonal in nature and involves a variety of ways of verbal and non-verbal influence of partners on each other.
It is customary to distinguish the following types: job interview, dismissal interview, problem and disciplinary conversations.
The conversation when applying for a job has the nature of an “admission” interview, the main purpose of which is to evaluate the business qualities of the person applying for a job. In essence, it comes down to a few basic questions and their corresponding answers.
The conversation when leaving a job has two types: the situation of an unplanned, voluntary departure of an employee and the situation when the employee has to be fired or laid off.
Problematic and disciplinary conversations are brought to life either by the occurrence of disruptions in the employee’s activities and the need for a critical assessment of his work, or by facts of violation of discipline.
Conducting a conversation requires a number of mandatory steps:
· preparatory stage;
· starting a conversation;
· discussion of the problem; decision-making; ending the conversation.
Preparatory stage. During the preparation for the upcoming conversation, it is necessary to think through the issues of its feasibility, the conditions and time of its holding, and prepare the necessary materials and documents. Starting a conversation. The tasks that are solved at the beginning of the conversation are primarily related to establishing contact with the interlocutor, creating an atmosphere of mutual understanding, and awakening interest in the conversation. It is on the first phrases of each meeting participant that their further attitude towards the subject of the conversation and their interlocutor as an individual depends.
The main part of the conversation is aimed at collecting and assessing information on the problem under discussion; identifying the motives and goals of the interlocutor; transmission of planned information. The successful implementation of this phase is facilitated by mastery of the technique of asking questions, methods of active listening and perception of information and facts. In business Russian, a number of stable speech patterns can be identified that allow interlocutors to control the course of the conversation at the stage of discussing a problem and making a decision.
The final part of the conversation serves as a kind of general assessment. Successfully completing a conversation means achieving predetermined goals. The objectives of this stage are: achieving the main or secondary goal; ensuring a favorable atmosphere at the end of the conversation; stimulating the interlocutor to carry out the intended activity; maintaining, if necessary, further contact with the interlocutor.
It is important to separate the end of the conversation from its other phases; For this purpose, expressions like: “Let’s summarize” or “We have come to the end of our conversation” are used. In a business conversation, you must be able to answer any question, but within the limits. The most important rules of speech behavior include the appropriate use of YOU-YOU forms. Speech etiquette involves knowing and using phrases that are pleasant to the interlocutor. These are speech signs of stroking and location.
Stroking ones include, for example, the following:
1. “Greetings”;
2. “Good luck to you”;
3. “All the best”;
4. “I wish you good luck”, etc.
Location signs are also widely used:
· "Firework";
· "No problem";
· “Okay”, etc.
These are psychological techniques that allow you to evoke a positive assessment of the activities and business qualities of your interlocutor. One of these techniques is a compliment. A compliment cannot be given with flattery. A timely and sincerely given compliment improves well-being, inspires, and gives confidence. A compliment can express approval, emphasize taste in clothing and appearance, and evaluate the intelligence of a business partner.

2.3 Business dispute
“If we talk about a dispute, it can be defined as a discussion in the form of an investigation of a problem in order to establish the truth. IN AND. Andreev offers the following as a working definition of the concept of “dispute”:
A dispute is a characteristic of the process of discussing a problem, a method of its collective research, in which each of the parties, arguing (defending) and refuting (opposing) the opinion of the interlocutor (enemy), claims a monopoly on establishing the truth.”
In a business dispute, it is necessary to take into account the interests, desires, aspirations, sympathies, and value orientations of the opposing party. But it should be remembered that any appeal to the desires and feelings of people must enter into their consciousness as a logical basis: the more compelling the logical arguments, the more stable the psychological impact. As a result, the other party may even agree to onerous restrictions, costs and hassles associated with them.
When starting a dispute, each side has its own attitudes, which it uses as criteria for evaluating everything that the other side does and says. Therefore, in order to achieve the goal for which the dispute is started, it is necessary to awaken in the opponent interests that are consistent with this goal, as well as bypass or overcome those of his desires and aspirations that may become an obstacle to your path to the goal.
Psychologists divide the basic desires, aspirations, and interests of people into four main groups: the desire for self-preservation, for procreation, for affirmation of one’s personality, and various feelings (love, hatred, joy, grief, etc.). Those psychological arguments that are addressed to one or more desires and aspirations experienced in everyday life are more powerful. In this regard, it will be useful to review the main psychological arguments that can be used in a dispute

Conclusion
Based on the foregoing, we can conclude that mastering business communication skills is necessary for future business people: managers, economists and others. It's not as simple as it seems, but it's not difficult either. These skills can play an important role in the future when concluding a deal or signing a contract. Business communication will be effective if we follow the rules and regulations of office etiquette.
Business conversations with knowledge of the matter, at the boss-subordinate level and vice versa, or between colleagues during working hours, bring a certain positive effect in the work of the team, in management. It is quite natural that communicating only using specific business terminology for 100% of the working day can simply tire the employee and lead to some kind of error. Therefore, certain psychological unloading breaks are required, such as a coffee break, etc., during which you can relax and exchange jokes. All this together will bring the expected positive result in the work of the organization.

Bibliography

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3. Braim I.N. Ethics of business communication. – Minsk: 1996
4. Dunkel Jacqueline Business etiquette. - Rostov-on-Don: Phoenix, 1997.
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6. Koneva E.V. Psychology of communication: Proc. allowance. – Yaroslavl: 2002.
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Matveeva T.V.

(Ural University)

Norms of speech communication as

personal rights and responsibilities

One of the most significant functions of culture is the normative function [Bromley, 1991]. Culture creates the necessary conditions, forms an environment in which specific human states, relationships and actions are developed, and each individual person is socialized during his/her growing up. In their adult lives, people adhere to the developed cultural skills and pass them on to new generations. This is how culture as a whole is transmitted, and the culture of communication (including speech) is cross-cutting in nature, penetrating all cultural spheres. Thus, the culture of communication plays a vital role in ensuring the unity and reproduction of an ethnic group [Bgazhnokov, 1991].

The processes of verbal communication gradually lead to the development of specially motivated signs of culture [Tarasov, 1977, p. 90-91], which in their totality demonstrate the norms of speech interaction (according to Yu. Skrebnev, the social optimum is expressed in speech norms). In the speech life of an ethnos, stable speech and speech-behavioral patterns for repeated situations, or cultural stereotypes, are formed. Communication norms are spread and adopted precisely through the demonstration and assimilation of these patterns [Tarasov, 1994, p. 111].

Each cultural stereotype is a complex combination of social and individual, consecrated by national tradition as a socially favorable, harmonizing speech action or speech means. Fixation to a typical situation and a certain custom ensures the stability of cultural stereotypes, the individual way of using them provides extensive variability, the ability to reflect the nuances of the situation, as well as the social and psychological characteristics of the speaker.

The way to approve and protect speech cultural stereotypes as a realized norm of communication is most often informal sanctions and public opinion in

in general, i.e. The regulation here is not strict. Nevertheless, society quite actively comprehends the preference of one or another individual for signs of culture or signs of “anticulture”: for example, these problems are the subject of constant discussion both in the press and in the speech life of modern Russia.

Is the described picture reflected in theoretical and applied orthology?

Unfortunately no. The technique of cultural speech use has now been comprehended systematically and effectively: the dictionary and grammar of the modern Russian language have received an orthological interpretation and codification, and clichéd formulas of speech use have been partially recorded. The technological, procedural, side of the norm remains outside the field of view of the theory of speech culture and orthological codification.

Selection of communicative and ethical,

components of speech culture [Skvortsov, 1996, p. 63], intensified with the development of functionalism and anthropocentrism in linguistics, the development of the concept of speech proficiency, which goes back to the concept of communicative competence [Krysin, 1994], promise changes and contribute to ensuring that the stable bulk of level orthology finally ceases to be the only way of orthological systematics. The second method can and should be taxonomy based on speech activity. The spheres of cultural and speech regulation correspond to the above-mentioned components of speech culture: communicative and ethical.

The two generic denotations behind these components are the communicative situation and the moral and ethical code of society. Each of them is a multifactorial and multielement formation and is characterized by a large number of options, reflecting a different combination of variables that make up the whole.

Let us dwell in more detail on the ethical component of communication, which is very important for Russians, whose mentality is characterized by a dominant morality [Mansurova, 1999, p. 98]. The ethical component is not included in the communicative situation as a separate feature. Ethics unites the bearers of all and any social roles on a single socio-cultural basis, and only then, on this common basis,

differentiates the rules of communication in relation to types of situations and the relationship of roles. Moreover, it is the area of ​​the universal that forms the core of the ethical speech behavior of an individual.

The description of the ethical component of speech culture, as a rule, is equated to the description of speech etiquette. Ethics directly comes down to etiquette: “Ethical standards are embodied in special etiquette speech formulas” [Lazutkina, 1998, p. 90]. Etiquette is classified either on a content-situational basis (from the idea of ​​an etiquette situation - “greeting”, “apology”, etc. - to its verbal embodiment in various social conditions), or without a single basis at all. The somewhat natural bias for the linguistic approach towards the linguistic means of the phenomenon1 is too great here, and this completely covers up its (the phenomenon’s) speech-activity aspects.

Adequate reflection of the ethical component of speech culture requires a preliminary understanding of the controversial principle of scientific description and the basic terms of the classification being undertaken.

For the communicative (sociolinguistic) component of L.P. Krysin defines a situation as a basic concept, and the principle of description is the calculation of communicative situations, followed by a detailed analysis and description of the behavioral tactics of communicants [Krysin, 1994, p. 77]. Let us pay attention to the extralinguistic nature of the basic concept, as well as to the speech-activity approach in the classification and descriptive sphere.

The ethical component can only be described on the basis of an anthropocentric concept in linguistics. There is no doubt that when studying the ethical side of speech interactions, homo loquens - the person speaking - should be placed at the center of orthological constructions. Speech behavior is the behavior of the individual, and the individual, when dealing with the norm, is bound by responsibilities and endowed with rights.

Let us restore the half-forgotten (more precisely, not emphasized in orthology) connection between the concepts of “norm” and “instruction”, “obligation”, as well as “norm” and “opportunity”, “right”. The dichotomy of the terms of right / obligation emphasizes not only the personal principle in

1 In this case, the phenomenon is a due from the point of view of morality and the national-cultural tradition that has absorbed it, the speech behavior of an individual.

the phenomenon under study (the rights and responsibilities belong to a person in relation to other persons), but also the idea of ​​relationship, the interconnection of communicants. The rights vested in a given person are inevitably associated with the performance of certain responsibilities - by that person and his speech partners. The fundamental value of the speech culture of the individual and society as a whole is probably maintaining a balance of rights and obligations of both sides of speech communication.

With the outlined approach, the speech activity norm of communication appears as a collection of speech communicative duties and individual rights. In relation to the ethical component of speech culture2, the basic concept can be considered the national cultural and speech tradition, and the principle of description is the calculation of the basic ethical attitudes of speech communication with the subsequent description of the behavioral implementation of these attitudes in speech tactics and methods of speech use used by communicants in all or some situations .

The ethical line of verbal communication is ensured not only by special formulas of politeness and parallel nominations of different stylistic colors. Ethical balance is also achieved through speech behavioral operations in the field of all text categories (people communicate through texts) and the choice of speech strategies.

The formulation of the ethical content of communication is fundamentally variable, and it is necessary for the speaker: the option is carried out on the basis of the ethical attitudes and psychological characteristics of the communicants (the leading anthropological factor), but also taking into account the sphere of speech activity (intralinguistically, this is a factor of functional style), as well as the social roles of the communicants (intralinguistically - factor of speech proficiency, or speech competence). When describing the core of the ethical component - general ethical standards - factors of secondary importance can be pushed aside. A complete description of the component requires taking into account all three groups of factors.

To demonstrate the stated provisions, we will focus on parity as the main ethical principle of verbal communication [Lazutkina, 1998, p. 90] and politeness as its main

cultural landmark [Sirotinina, 1995, p. 38]. In terms of analysis, colloquial texts as material for relaxed informal verbal communication, those with a psychological goal, i.e. communication itself, communication as a humanitarian value, is placed by communicants above informational and logical goals. Such a hierarchy of goals - phatic communication, according to T. Vinokur - is typical for conversational conversation, chatter as a conversational genre, perhaps for flirting. For comparison, the official business style is chosen as a set of texts with opposite dominants, primarily with the dominance of logical content.

The focus on phatic communication gives each communicant the following rights: 1) to subordinate the logical content of the conversation to the phatic content, aimed at communication itself; 2) for self-affirmation and open self-expression; 3) to axiological freedom, i.e. the ability to subject any subject of speech and component of a communicative act to individual subjective assessments; 4) to regulate the partner’s speech behavior within the framework of normative and cultural interactions and in accordance with one’s own attitudes and well-being; 5) on individual speech style: 6) on reciprocity on the part of the speech partner in all parameters of communication.

The named rights (the intuitively collected list of them is, of course, very approximate) turn into the following responsibilities for the communicant: 1) master the technique of phatic communication and subordination of the logical content of speech to it; 2) master the methods of self-expression and know the border between culture and “anticulture” in this area; 3) use a wide range of assessments, correlating them with the system of moral rules of the cultural community and with the personality of their speech partner; 4) remember the reciprocity of communicative interests and adequately respond to the regulation of your speech by your partner; 5) correlate individual habits and creative needs with the cultural-speech set of communicative qualities of speech and the speech competence of the partner, observe the measure in the field of speech freedom; 6) maintain a modal politeness strategy.

Technologically, the realization of the rights and responsibilities of an individual is expressed in specific speech-activity operations, an inventory of which should form the “body” of a scientific description of the ethical component of speech communication. The basis for grouping such operations is not yet clear, but grouping into

terms of rights and duties, focusing on the first dichotomy from the above lists: the right to subordinate the logical content of the conversation to the phatic and the obligation to master the cultural technique of phatic communication. In a generalized textual form, this right is realized as the admissibility of the polythematic nature of the subject-logical series in phatic speech communication under the influence of subjective-modal dominance.

In a more specific operational view, from the perspective of the rights/responsibilities of the communicator, the following is observed:

1. The communicant has the right to initiate a subject topic that is interesting from his point of view for joint discussion.

The obligations imposed on the initiator are that the topic must be acceptable from a general ethical position (objective-ethical aspect), as well as from the ethical position of the speech partner (subjective-ethical aspect). The themes of the initial episodes in colloquial-phatic genres have long been comprehended and are largely international. These include news, weather, art and other topics focused on entertainment and optimism.

Phatic communication traditionally imposes restrictions on complex and painful topics of everyday life, a set of which is also meaningful in the cultural tradition (death, personal tragedies, etc.). If these topics cannot be avoided, then they are not initiated at the very beginning of communication and are not discussed deeply and extensively. The exception is conversation - a joint complaint, which is in circulation in Russian speech life.

The key verbs of thematic initiatives are SPEAK / SAY, TELL AND HEAR / LISTEN, LISTEN. The repertoire of remarks includes standard formulas: they say that...; you have already heard that...; listen to what happened yesterday..., as well as individual options: You'll never guess what happened yesterday! Well, yesterday you looked like you were looking into water...; No, it’s still in vain that they don’t hire me as a psychic...

An attitude of politeness and parity obliges the communicator to request a specific topic from time to time.

speech partner, i.e. transfer to him the right of initiative in the subject area: Tell us about yours, please. What's new with you? Well, who does what and how?

For comparison, in a business conversation there is an operational similarity (the phatic beginning is necessary to create a comfortable atmosphere of communication), but the selection of initial topics is much stricter, the repertoire of replicas of the thematic initiative is more standard.

2. At the stage of development of a subject-logical topic, the communicant has the right to a relatively extensive development of the conversation (oriented towards the general laws of logic and rhetoric: division into subtopics, argumentation and illustration, comparison, etc.), as well as the obligation to correct this process in depending on the role of the speech partner. A partner can be an equal developer of the topic, an attentive listener, an opponent of the speaker, etc., so the options for deploying the topic will be very different.

The harmonious flow of the phatic genre presupposes constant concern for speech equality or, in the case of recognized inequality, respect for the role status of communicants. It is the responsibility of each communicator to ensure that the speech partner is interested in the topic and to show their own interest or disinterest. If the speech partner participates in the development of the topic through lengthy statements, clarifying questions, “assent” and emotional reactions, then the initiator has the right to continue the subject topic. If the intellectual and emotional activity of the speech partner tends to zero, then there is a thematic rejection or thematic fatigue, and then the interlocutor who proposed the topic is obliged to change it or respond to the partner’s proposal for a replacement.

In a business dialogue, the communicator has the right to thematic movement only within the framework of a given subject-conceptual layer, dictated by the practical and pragmatic purpose of communication. An arbitrary proposal of an unrelated topic is not accepted (although it may indicate an additional hidden strategy of the initiator).

Setting up parity requires changing roles and constantly balancing between one’s own interests and the interests of the interlocutor. Cultural imbalance can be restored through special speech techniques. Thus, abuse in the subject-thematic sphere, desire

speaking on a certain topic more than the speech partner wishes can be regulated by the latter with the help of “speech restraints”: “zero reaction” to what is being said, which after some time is realized by the communicative leader (normal); a brief remark aimed at closing the topic: Well, this is the same as always; I've already been told about this; You already said; Yes, yes, it happens, but it’s hard to believe; Do you think so?; a slight rebuke to the interlocutor: Is it worth worrying so much? In my opinion, this is nothing; Do not make mountains out of molehills. Containing someone else's speech, especially emotionally charged, is an action whose ethics are always in question. This is a complex speech cultural technique, bordering on manifestations of “anticulture”; it is regulated by the tact of the interlocutors, and there are the fewest speech standards here.

3. Replacing the subject-logical topic is a way to advance the conversation in a subjective-modal direction. Probably, each genre of phatic communication is characterized by its own rhythms of thematic fragments, but in any of them the speakers change subject-logical topics. This operation is reflected in the corresponding clichéd constructions: Shouldn’t we change the subject? Let's move on to another topic; This is a difficult topic; It is better not to touch on this topic, etc. and nominations: a sore subject; blessed topic; a related topic, etc. The regulation of the thematic series is carried out with the help of a large number of individualized reactions, often in the form of a hint: Don’t rub salt in my wound; Don't touch on a topic that is sore for me.

Perhaps the volume of subject-logical development of a topic in relaxed informal communication is regulated by national speech culture not only logically and psychologically, but also biologically. “Thematic fatigue” can be determined, in particular, by biological rhythms, climatic fluctuations, and the state of health of the speaker.

4. Completion of the text of the analyzed genres is characterized by the elimination of the subject-logical theme (topics) in favor of the subjective-modal content sphere. Only a reminder of the topic is used: About... I'll call you tomorrow; Oh... don't worry, everything will be fine; s... - you did it great. The examples already given show that the speakers made a selection of topics raised earlier. When parting, they mention the topic that made the greatest impression and was presented as the most significant for the interlocutor, i.e. functionally paramount. This role may be

both practically important and purely intellectual or aesthetically interesting.

Each of the positions discussed above can be transformed into a number of cultural and speech recommendations - operational rules for constructing a text of a certain style and genre. Let us mentally add a similar consideration of other categories and the derivation of evaluation rules, psychological self-disclosure of influence on the interlocutor. In general, behind their set there will be a linguoculturological phenomenon of the rights and responsibilities of the individual in speech communication.

The antinomy of speech communicative rights and obligations can be placed at the center of a communicative orthology, which will be capable of describing typical speech operations when generating a text, as well as defining different types of personality in speech communication: a law-abiding communicant and one who violates the laws of communication, one who exceeds and underestimates his rights, etc. d. The main thing is that orthology with this approach can become not a warehouse of things, but a guide to action.

Literature

Bgazhnokov B.Kh. Culture of communication and semiosis // Ethno-sign functions of culture. M., 1991.

Bromley S.V. Ethnic functions of culture and ethnography // Ethno-sign functions of culture. M., 1991.

Krysin L.P. Language proficiency: linguistic and sociocultural aspects // Language - culture - ethnicity. M., 1994. Lazutkina E.M. Ethics of speech communication and etiquette formulas of speech // Culture of Russian speech. Textbook for universities / Ed. OK. Graudina and E.N. Shiryaeva. M., 1998.

Mansurova V.D. Instance of truth: on the relationship between the norms of language and law in public communication // Legalinguistics-1: problems and prospects. Barnaul, 1999.

Skvortsov L.I. Modern domestic and foreign research in the field of speech culture // Culture of Russian speech and the effectiveness of communication. M., 1996.

Sirotinina O.B. Culture. communication // Language and communication. Saratov, 1995.

Tarasov E.F. The place of verbal communication in the communicative act // National-cultural specificity of speech behavior. M., 1977. Tarasov E.F. Language and culture: methodological problems // Language - culture - ethnicity. M., 1994.

Major foreign scientists G.P. Grice and J.N. Leach formulated maxims (rules) and principles establishing the obligations of the speaker in relation to the addressee and vice versa in speech communication. The most important criteria of the communication code are:

criterion of truth, which is defined as fidelity to reality;

a criterion of sincerity, which is defined as being true to oneself.

The main principles of the communication code are:

G. Grice's principle of cooperation;

J. Leach's principle of politeness.

The principle of cooperation of G. P. Grice includes 4 maxims:

maxim of completeness (quantity) of information;

information quality maxim;

maxim of relevance;

maxim of manner (way).

The maxim of completeness of information is associated with the dosage of information necessary for the act of communication. The postulates to this maxim are:

the statement must contain no less information than required;

the statement should contain no more information than required.

The maxim of information quality is specified by the following postulates:

do not say what you consider to be false;

do not say anything for which you do not have sufficient grounds.

The maxim of relevance actually presupposes only one postulate:

don't deviate from the topic.

In the real process of communication, it is not at all built around one topic: in a real speech act, there are frequent transitions from one topic to another, going beyond the currently discussed topic, and interference from the outside. However, as a strategic goal, “staying on topic” is of paramount importance precisely for maintaining contact. Psychologists are well aware that the attention of the audience is scattered if it is not able to connect the statement being spoken at the moment with the topic announced by the lecturer.

The maxim of manner involves an assessment of the way information is conveyed and is associated not with what is said, but with how it is said. The general postulate of this maxim is to express yourself clearly, and the particular postulates are as follows:

avoid unclear expressions;

avoid ambiguity;

be brief;

be organized.

Loss of clarity can result from inappropriate or poor wording and an imbalance between the known and the unknown.

Grice's maxims deepen ideas about the traditional criteria of speech culture (correctness, accuracy, appropriateness, expressiveness, brevity), although they are not identical to them: these are not only the rules of speech culture, but also aesthetic, moral, social postulates.

The principle of politeness. If the principle of cooperation characterizes the order of joint operation of information in the structure of a communicative act, then the principle of politeness is the principle of the relative position of speakers in the structure of a speech act. J. Leach, formulating the principle of politeness, provided the following maxims:

maxim of tact;

maxim of generosity;

maxim of approval;

maxim of modesty;

maxim of agreement;

Maxim of sympathy.

Compliance with the principle of politeness creates an environment of positive interaction and provides a favorable background for the implementation of communication strategies.

The maxim of tact involves respecting the boundaries of the interlocutor’s personal sphere. Each speech act contains an area of ​​general speech acts and an area of ​​private interests. The maxim of tact recommends that the speaker be careful regarding the speech strategy and the area of ​​private interests of the interlocutor.

Maxim of generosity (maxim of not burdening the interlocutor). In fact, it protects interlocutors from dominating the speech act.

The maxim of approval is a maxim of positivity in evaluating others. The discrepancy with the interlocutor in the direction of assessing the world greatly affects the possibility of implementing one’s own communication strategy.

The maxim of modesty is the maxim of non-acceptance of praise addressed to oneself. Realistic self-esteem is one of the conditions for the successful deployment of a speech act.

The maxim of agreement is the maxim of non-opposition. Instead of deepening the contradiction that arose during communication, this maxim recommends a search for agreement in order for the act of communication to reach a productive conclusion.